Low-noise block converter

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Working system: CDMA 800 Frequency: Upstream: 790-815MHz Downstream: 835-860MHz Gain: 55-70dBi Output radio frequency: Upstream: 0.5-2W Downstream: 0 - +10Bm Delay time of delivery Noise coefficient Power: 25W Capacity: 8 mobile phones can be used at the same time Coverage range: 100 square meters Payment Details: Payment Terms:




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Ku-band LNB with both sides uncovered.

A low-noise block converter (LNB, for low-noise block, or sometimes LNC, for low-noise converter) is the (receiving, or downlink) antenna of what is commonly called the parabolic (actually paraboloid) satellite dish commonly used for satellite TV reception. It is functionally equivalent to the dipole antenna used for most other TV reception purposes, although it is actually waveguide based. Whereas the dipole antenna is unable to adapt itself to various polarization planes without being rotated, the LNB can be switched electronically between horizontal and vertical polarization reception. The LNB is usually fixed on or in the satellite dish, for the reasons outlined below. The corresponding component in the uplink transmit link is called a Block upconverter (BUC).

Satellites use comparatively high radio frequencies to transmit their signals.



LNBF disassembled (All Parts)

As microwave satellite signals do not easily pass through walls, roofs, or even glass windows, satellite antennas are required to be outdoors, and the signal needs to be passed indoors via cables. When radio signals are sent through coaxial cables, the higher the frequency, the more losses occur in the cable per unit of length. The signals used for satellite are of such high frequency (in the multiple gigahertz range) that special (costly) cable types or waveguides would be required and any significant length of cable leaves very little signal left on the receiving end.

The job of the LNB is to use the superheterodyne principle to take a wide block (or band) of relatively high frequencies, amplify and convert them to similar signals carried at a much lower frequency (called intermediate frequency or IF). These lower frequencies travel through cables with much less attenuation of the signal, so there is much more signal left on the satellite receiver end of the cable. It is also much easier and cheaper to design electronic circuits to operate at these lower frequencies, rather than the very high frequencies of satellite transmission.

The low-noise part means that special electronic engineering techniques are used, that the amplification and mixing takes place before cable attenuation and that the block is free of additional electronics like a power supply or a digital receiver. This all leads to a signal which has less noise (unwanted signals) on the output than would be possible with less stringent engineering. Generally speaking, the higher the frequencies with which an electronic component has to operate, the more critical it is that noise be controlled. If low-noise engineering techniques were not used, the sound and picture of satellite TV would be of very low quality, if it could even be received at all without a much larger dish reflector. The low-noise quality of an LNB is expressed as the noise figure or noise temperature.

For the reception of wideband satellite television carriers, typically 27MHz wide, the accuracy of the frequency of the LNB local oscillator need only be in the order of 500kHz, so low cost dielectric oscillators (DRO) may be used. For the reception of narrow bandwidth carriers or ones using advanced modulation techniques, such as 16-QAM, highly stable and low phase noise LNB local oscillators are required. These use an internal crystal oscillator or an external 10MHz reference from the indoor unit and a phase-locked loop (PLL) oscillator.

Contents

1 LNBFs

2 Universal LNB

3 Standard North America Ku-band LNB

4 North America DBS LNB

5 C-band LNB

6 Dual/Quad/Octo LNBs

7 Monoblock LNBs

8 Cold temperatures

9 See also

10 External links


//


LNBFs



Ku-band linear-polarised LNBF

Direct broadcast satellite (DBS) dishes use an LNBF (NB feedhorn), which integrates the antenna feedhorn with the LNB. Small diplexers are often used to distribute the resulting IF signal (usually 950 to 1450 MHz) piggybacked in the same cable TV wire that carries lower-frequency terrestrial television from an outdoor antenna. Another diplexer then separates the signals to the receiver of the TV set, and the integrated receiver/decoder (IRD) of the DBS set-top box.

Newer Ka band systems use additional IF blocks from the LNBF, one of which will cause interference to UHF and cable TV frequencies above 250MHz, precluding the use of diplexers. The other block is higher than the original, up to 2.5GHz, requiring the LNB to be connected to high-quality all-copper RG-6/U cables. This is in addition to higher electrical power and electrical current requirements for multiple dual-band LNBFs.

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Pistonless rotary engine

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Internal Rotor Motor with Integrated Electronics


A pistonless rotary engine is an internal combustion engine that does not use pistons in the way a reciprocating engine does, but instead uses one or more rotors, sometimes called rotary pistons. An example of a pistonless rotary engine is the Wankel engine.

The term rotary combustion engine has been suggested as an alternative name for these engines to distinguish them from the obsolete aircraft engines also known as rotary engines. However both continue to be called rotary engines and only the context determines which type is meant. In particular, the only commercial producer of (pistonless) automobile rotary engines as of 2005[update], Mazda, consistently refers to its Wankel engines as rotary engines. O.S. Engines, who produce a Wankel model airplane engine, refer to it as a wankel rotary engine.

Contents

1 Pistonless rotary engines

2 Advantages

3 Disadvantages

4 Comparisons

5 External links


//


Pistonless rotary engines

The basic concept of a (pistonless) rotary engine avoids the reciprocating motion of the piston with its inherent vibration and rotational-speed-related mechanical stress. As of 2006[update] the Wankel engine is the only successful pistonless rotary engine[citation needed], but many similar concepts have been proposed and are under various stages of development. Examples of rotary engines include:

Production stage

The Wankel engine

Development stage

The Sarich orbital engine

The RKM engine (RotationsKolbenMaschinen)

The Trochilic engine

The Engineair engine

Conceptual stage

The quasiturbine

The Liquidpiston engine

The Gerotor engine

Advantages

All such engines have the potential to improve on the piston engine in the areas of:

Higher power-to-weight ratios.

Mechanical simplicity.

Less vibration.

Sealing system has no revolutions-limit; piston rings fail after the engine's revolutions-limit.

While typically larger than the piston of an engine of corresponding capacity, a rotor may perform many strokes per revolution. The Wankel produces twelve strokes per revolution of the rotor (four strokes per chamber times three chambers) (although the spindle rotates three times faster than the rotor or three times over the twelve strokes), as opposed to two strokes for each crankshaft rotation of a single-cylinder single acting piston engine, or four strokes for a double-acting cylinder such as found in some steam engines. The quasiturbine and MYT engine deliver sixteen strokes for every rotor (and spindle) revolution.

Disadvantages

Although in two dimensions the seal system of a Wankel looks to be even simpler than that of a corresponding multi-cylinder piston engine, in three dimensions the reverse is the case. As well as the rotor apex seals evident in the conceptual diagram, the rotor must also seal against the chamber ends.

Piston rings are not perfect seals. Each has a gap in fact to allow for expansion. Moreover the sealing at the Wankel apexes is less critical, as leakage is between adjacent chambers on adjacent strokes of the cycle, rather than to the crankcase. However, the less effective sealing of the Wankel is one factor reducing its efficiency, and confining its success mainly to applications such as racing engines and sports vehicles where neither efficiency nor long engine life are major considerations. In earlier models, the Wankel engines should never be started and run unless the engine has reached operating temperature; most such instances of jammed engines occur when a car is started and moved a few yards, e.g. from a garage to a driveway. In these situations it is better to push the car and not start the engine. This is due to the engine flooding with fuel, which can lead to hydrolock of the motor. This "flooding" is caused by the excess amount of fuel injected into the engine in its "cold" running circuit. The flooding issue has been largely fixed through changes in the ECU programming and a faster starter motor.

50% longer stroke duration than a piston engine (Wankel engine).

The Quasiturbine has similar disadvantages with its concave combustion chamber, and in the AC design the sharp angles of the carriers hamper the propagation of the flame front, leading to incomplete combustion. The stroke duration is too short for a complete combustion.

Comparisons

The simplest design, either proposed or in use, is the Wankel. Its only moving parts are a three-sided rotor turning on an eccentric shaft; There is neither camshaft nor valves. The rotor is not fixed to the eccentric shaft, but turns it by means of an internal gear on the inside of the rotor engaging a smaller conventional gear on the side plate. The rotor is positively located by the eccentric shaft and by the geometry of the rotor and engine chamber. A Wankel engine fires once for...(and so on)
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Mold growth, assessment, and remediation

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Place of Origin: China Zhejiang Model Number: AC-TV-007 Auto air conditioner throttle valves (orifice tubes)


Mold assessment and Mold remediation are techniques used in occupational health: mold assessment is the process of identifying the location and extent of the mold hazard in a structure, and mold remediation is the process of removal and/or cleanup of mold from an indoor environment.

It has been estimated that 40 percent of United States homes have some form of mold problem.

Contents

1 Health effects

2 Causes / Growing conditions

3 Assessment

3.1 Sampling

4 Remediation

4.1 Cleanup and removal methods

4.1.1 Vacuum

4.1.2 Damp wipe

4.1.3 HEPA vacuum

4.1.4 Disposal of debris and damaged materials

4.2 Equipment

5 Protection levels

5.1 Level I

5.2 Level II

5.3 Level III

5.4 Level IV

6 Notes

7 See also

8 External links


//


Health effects

Main article: Mold health issues

Molds are ubiquitous in nature, and mold spores are a common component of household and workplace dust. However, when mold spores are present in large quantities, they can present a health hazard to humans, potentially causing allergic reactions and respiratory problems.

Some molds also produce mycotoxins that can pose serious health risks to humans and animals. Exposure to high levels of mycotoxins can lead to neurological problems and in some cases death. Prolonged exposure, e.g. daily workplace exposure, can be particularly harmful. The term toxic mold refers to molds that produce mycotoxins, such as Stachybotrys chartarum, and not to all molds in general.

Causes / Growing conditions

Molds and fungi are found everywhere inside and outside, and can grow on almost any substance when moisture is present. Molds when they reproduce make spores, which can be carried by air currents. When these spores land on a moist surface that is suitable for life, they begin to grow. Molds are essential to the natural breakdown of organic materials in the environment. Mold is normally found indoors at levels that do not affect most healthy individuals. When these levels become abnormally high as determined by indoor air quality testing or a mold inspection, remediation is recommended to be carried out by a professional remediation company.[citation needed]

Because common building materials are capable of sustaining mold growth, and mold spores are ubiquitous, mold growth in an indoor environment is typically related to an indoor water or moisture problem. Mold growth may also be caused by incomplete drying of flooring materials such as concrete. Leaky roofs, building maintenance problems, or indoor plumbing problems can lead to mold growth inside homes, schools, or office buildings. Another common source of mold growth is flooding.

For significant mold growth to occur, there must be a source of water (which could be invisible humidity), a source of food, and a substrate capable of sustaining growth. Common building materials, such as plywood, drywall, furring strips, carpets, and carpet padding are food for molds. In carpet, invisible dust and cellulose are the food sources (see also dust mites). After a single incident of water damage occurs in a building, molds grow inside walls and then become dormant until a subsequent incident of high humidity; this illustrates how mold can appear to be a sudden problem, long after a previous flood or water incident that did not produce a mold-related problem. The right conditions re-activate mold. Studies also show that mycotoxin levels are perceptibly higher in buildings that have once had a water incident (source CMHC).



Although this home suffered only minor exterior damage from Hurricane Katrina, small leaks and inadequate air flow permitted this mold infestation.

Both our indoor and outdoor environment have mold spores present. There is no such thing as a mold free environment in the Earth's biosphere.

Spores need three things to grow into mold:

Nutrients: Food for spores in an indoor environment is organic matter, often cellulose.

Moisture: Moisture is required to begin the decaying process caused by the mold.

Time: Mold growth begins between 24 hours and 10 days from the provision of the growing conditions. There is no known way to date mold.

Mold colonies can grow inside building structures. The main problem with the presence of mold in buildings is the inhalation of mycotoxins. Molds may produce an identifiable smell. Growth is fostered by moisture. After a flood or major leak, mycotoxin levels are higher in the building even after it has dried out (source: CMHC).

Food sources for molds in buildings include cellulose-based materials, such as wood, cardboard, and the paper facing on both sides of drywall, and all other kinds of organic matter, such as soap, dust and fabrics. Carpet contains dust made of organic matter such as skin cells. If a house has...(and so on)
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Royal Park, Melbourne

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Burke and Wills expedition monument in Royal Park with Melbourne skyline

Royal Park is located 4kilometres (2.5mi) north of the Melbourne Central Business District, Victoria, Australia, in the suburb of Parkville. It is the largest of Melbourne's inner city parks at 181hectares (450 acres).

Many sporting facilities are provided including the North Park Tennis Club, Royal Park Golf Course, football and soccer ovals, baseball and cricket pitches, State Netball and Hockey Centre, and cycling and walking paths. On the corner of Gatehouse street and Royal Parade there is a native garden. There are wide vistas of grassland and lightly timbered areas with eucalypts, casuarina and acacias. The Melbourne City Council administers the park and instituted in 1984 a park management plan. A wetlands area is being developed in 2005.

The grassy hill between the Royal Children's Hospital and the Native Garden is ideal for kite flying during the day. Over the summer months members of the Astronomical Society of Victoria set up telescopes and conduct evening talks and tours of the night sky from this vantage point.

Contents

1 Wildlife

2 History

2.1 The Royal Park Master Plan Design Competition

2.2 Commonwealth Games Village

2.3 Royal Melbourne Hospital extension

3 Transport

4 External links


//


Wildlife

The park is home to many native animals such as possums, and a rich variety of birdlife which includes: Flame Robins, Horsfield's Bronze Cuckoos, Red-rumped Parrots, Eastern and Pale-headed Rosellas, White-browed Scrubwren, Brown Goshawk, Little Falcon, Black-shouldered Kite, Kestrel, Brown Falcon, Little Eagle, Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike, Grey Fantail, Superb Fairy-wren, Spotted and Striated Pardalote, Scarlet Robin, and Red-browed Firetails.

History

In the early years of European settlement Wurundjeri camp fires were sometimes seen in the vicinity of Royal Park, although the Yarra people generally preferred camping beside the Yarra River or Merri Creek.

Governor Charles La Trobe set aside in 1845 a reservation of 10.36square kilometres (4.00sqmi) for parkland and open space, however, by the time of its proclamation in 1854 this had been reduced to a reserve of 6.25km2 (2.41sqmi). This was further reduced to 2.83km2 (1.09sqmi) with the rapid increase of population from the Victorian gold rush, to form the suburb of Parkville from three new residential areas, Parkville North, South and West. In 1861 the Royal Melbourne Zoological Gardens was allocated 0.2km2 (0.077sqmi). Further excisions followed for roads, tramline and the Upfield railway line; University High School (1929), Royal Melbourne Hospital (1944), Royal Children's Hospital (1957), Royal Dental Hospital (1963).

In 1860 the Burke and Wills expedition set out from Royal Park to cross Australia from south to north. They perished on the return journey. A cairn now marks the departure point of their expedition in Royal Park.

The park was used for military encampments during World War One and Two, with Camp Pell being used by United States forces during the Second World War. After the war the permanent buildings of Camp Pell were used for emergency housing accommodation until 1960. As of 2005, the one existing building from Camp Pell is used as an 'Urban Camp' to provide accommodation for rural school children and other groups when visiting Melbourne.

The Royal Park Master Plan Design Competition

Following many years of agitation by resident groups and various failed planning attempts, the Melbourne City Council held a design competition in 1984, judged by representatives of the Australian Institute of Landscape Architects, Royal Australian Institute of Parks and Recreation, Melbourne University's School of Environmental Planning, and the Melbourne City Council.

The winning entry by landscape architects Brian Stafford and Ronald Jones expressed a philosophy that the character of the Park was inherent in its form 'a place where the earth swells, the dome of the sky soars overhead and the horizon beckons'. A sense of the landscape at the time of Europeans first encounter with it was to be evoked by planting indigenous species and enhancing the park spacious quality, principally through a process of 'editing' rather than adding new features. The aim was 'to provide a park for persons rather than machinery, for individual public activity rather than restricted private institutions, and for psychological recreation as well as physical activity'.

The plan proposed extensive planting of indigenous trees, while the expansive hilltop in the Park south-east was to be cleared and planted with native grasses. A network of walking and cycle paths was proposed, along with works to reduce the impact of traffic and parking, including closing through roads, rebuilding a large section of Macarthur Road as a tunnel, and...(and so on)
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Shantipur

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for the towns in Nepal see Shantipur, Nepal

Shantipur





ShantipurLocation of Shantipurin West Bengaland India

Country

India

State

West Bengal

District(s)

Nadia

Population

138,195(2001[update])

Time zone

IST (UTC+5:30)

Area? Elevation

? 15m (49ft)

Codes

? Pincode

? 741404

? Telephone

? +03472

Coordinates: 2315?N 8826?E? / ?23.25 88.43? / 23.25; 88.43

Shantipur (Bengali: ?????????) is a city and a municipality in Nadia district in the Indian state of West Bengal. This small town has been declared a city recently. The fort area of this city, also known as Daak-Gharh (calling or gathering room ) was thought to have been built by Raja Krishnachandra of Nodia.

Contents

1 Geography

2 Demographics

3 Economy

4 Culture

5 Transport

6 Politics

7 See also

8 References


//


Geography

Shantipur is located at 2315?N 8826?E? / ?23.25 88.43? / 23.25; 88.43. It has an average elevation of 15metres (49feet).

Santipur was famous for handloom sarees from ancient times.After the partition of India many weavers came from Dhaka of Bangladesh and started to reside here in Fulia anchal, which is a Panchayet area of Santipur P.S.

Demographics

As of 2001[update] India census, Shantipur had a population of 138,195. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Shantipur has an average literacy rate of 64%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 69%, and female literacy is 58%. In Santipur, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Economy

Santipur was famous for handloom sarees from ancient times.Then it was called santipuri saree.After partition of India, many skilled weavers of Dhaka came and settled in West Bengal around Shantipur and Ambika Kalna of Bardhaman district, both traditionally renowned centres for hand-woven fabrics. With government encouragement and support, the talented weavers soon revived their ancestral occupation and the art of exquisite weaving once again flourished. Today, finely woven feather-touch textiles and saris in exotic designs and colours are being produced in the vast weaving belt of Shantipur, Phulia, Samudragarh, Dhatrigram and Ambika Kalna each centre producing superb fabrics in its own unique weaving style. Santipur is known for superfine dhotis and jacquards. The produce is marketed through co-operatives and various undertakings.

Culture

Shantipur is famous for "Rasutsav" and "Dolutsav" which is thought to have begun by mathuresh goswami , the great grandson of advaita acharya who was one of the main associates of chaitanya mahaprabhu. the principle deity of the town is radharaman in the family of baro gosai , descending from mathuresh goswami.the deity was originally installed as a single statue of krishna named 'dol govinda' in orissa by king indradyumna.when king of yessore ( now in bangladesh) attacked orissa he brought this deity with him to his capital . later ,in the era of mughal emperor akbar the great ,his general man singh laid a seize on yessore. pratapaditya was the reigning king at that time . the priest of the temple gave away the deity to his own guru mathuresh goswami to protect it in time of emergency.mathuresh goswami realized the gravity of the situation and had it brought to his ancestral home shantipur where he reinstalled it in a new temple.a deity of radha was later installed beside dolgovinda and both of them renamed radharaman.

the deity worshipped by advaita achrya himself is named madan gopal and is worshipped in the lineage of krishna mishra , the second son of advaita acharya.apart from them there are numerous other idols and ancient temples dedicated to radha and krishna.on the day of rasa yatra , the main festival of the town , all of them are taken out in a grand procession around the city accompanied with drums , kirtan and other celebration.curiously all the thrones are lit with the age old belgium glass candle holders and chandeliers , instead of electric lighting , even to this day . this gives rasotsav a very ancient and historical look.

on this day a young girl is dressed in expensive attire and gold ornaments and worshipped as radha.after this she is made to sit in a luxurious throne decorated with flowers and paraded across the city for the commoners to offer their respects. she is called rai raja. rai is another name for radha and raja means king.

Transport

Shantipur is well connected by rail by EMU services running from Sealdah North section. Shantipur is well connected to the district Burdawan (Kalna)and the district Hoogly (Guptipara)through the river Ganges(Bhagirathi)

It is on NH 34

Politics

Ajoy Dey of INC has won the Shantipur seat of the state assembly in 2006, 2001, 1996 and 1991, defeating his...(and so on)
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Fredwreck

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Fredwreck

Background information

Birth name

Farid Karam Nassar

Born

June 23, 1972 (1972-06-23) (age36)

Origin

Flint, Michigan

Genre(s)

Rap & Hip hop

Occupation(s)

Record Producer

Years active

1988-present

Label(s)

Doggystyle Records

Associated acts

Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg, Britney Spears, Kurupt, Eminem, Ice Cube, Westside Connection, Lil Kim, Hilary Duff, Xzibit, Nate Dogg, Everlast, Cypress Hill, 50 Cent, Mobb Deep, The Doors

Website

Official website

Notableinstrument(s)

keyboards, synthesizers, guitar, bass, drum machine, turntables, flute

Fredwreck (of Palestinian descent, born Farid Nassar in Flint, Michigan) is a record producer from Los Angeles, California. He got his big break when he became a producer for Dr. Dre's newly founded Aftermath Records label, and went on to work with Snoop Dogg's record label Dogghouse Records (now Doggystyle Records) and became a known producer on Tha Dogg Pound-affiliated material. He has produced tracks from Kurupt's Tha Streetz Iz a Mutha and most of his next release, Space Boogie: Smoke Oddessey; both released during the period the rapper had left Death Row. He has also produced for other hip hop and pop artists such as Britney Spears, Kurupt, Eminem, Ice Cube, Westside Connection, Lil Kim, Hilary Duff, Xzibit, Nate Dogg, Everlast, Cypress Hill, 50 Cent, Mobb Deep, and The Doors.

Contents

1 Early life

2 Music career

3 MTV Arabia

4 Gumball 3000

5 Stop The Oppressive Politics

6 External links

7 References


//


Early life

The first child of Aida Kaileh and Karam Nassar, FredWreck was born Farid Karam Nassar on June 23, 1972. His parents met and married in Palestine and immigrated to the United States in 1967. They had 2 more children, two sons, named Omar and Salam. Salam "Wreck" went on to Dj for D12, Obie Trice, and Eminem and produced music for DMX, 50 Cent, D12, and Proof.

His father worked as a tool and die maker for AC Spark Plug, a General Motors division, and later moved the family to California to open his own grocery business. In California, FredWreck began breakdancing and DJing at local parties and school dances. This made him a regular at the local record store Upstairs Records, which led to a job at the store as one of the record buyers.

From there FredWreck landed a job doing mixxes as a guest on the local radio station, which eventually led him to a weekly mix show spot, and gave him the opportunity to do remixes of songs already on the stations playlist. Record labels soon took notice of his remixes, and began buying them, and distributing them to radio stations across the country. It is at radio where FredWreck first met Sway & King Tech along with Joe Quixx, and became a member of the world famous Wake Up Show, hip hop radio show.

Music career

Inspired by producers Dr. Dre, Mantronix, Marley Marl, and The Bomb Squad, FredWreck began experimenting with production equipment, recording techniques, and his skills as a DJ to carve out his own sound. The influence of East Coast Hip Hop, West Coast Hip Hop, Electro, Funk, Soul, Arabic and Rock helped give him a signature sound. From 1995 to 1997 he was hired by legendary Bomb Squad producer Hank Shocklee as an A & R executive at MCA/Universal Records where he oversaw the recordings of artists such as Mary J. Blige, Aaliyah, Immature, Al Green, King Tee, Shai, Bobby Brown and Soundtracks such as Dangerous Minds, Tales from the Hood, and others.

After leaving MCA/Universal, FredWreck decided to concentrate fully on production. He would give out his production CD to anyone that would listen, and it eventually ended up with Dr. Dre who called FredWreck to come in and collaborate with him in the studio. Which led to him working on the multi-platinum selling Chronic 2001.

His roommate at the time Xzibit introduced him to legendary producer Soopafly, who then also passed his beat CD on to members of the Dogg Pound, Daz and Kurupt. Which led to his production on the Kurupt album Streetz Iz A Mutha, and the chance to work with Snoop Dogg. Snoop then asked FredWreck to join his DoggyStyle Records imprint as a producer which led to production on Snoop's albums, and artists on his label such as Tha Eastsidaz.

In 2007 he partnered up with songwriter Kara Dioguardi to produce songs for pop stars Britney Spears and Hilary Duff. He received an MTV Europe Music Award for Best Album for his production on Britney's Black Out Album and Kara went on to be the new judge on American Idol.

MTV Arabia

The launch of MTV Arabia in 2007 brought FredWreck to his roots in the middle east, where he hosted a hip hop talent search across Arabia. The first season led to the discovery of many talented Arab rappers such as Omar Boflot, Desert Heat, Asfalt &...(and so on)
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Sikhism in India

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Part of a series onSikhism

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PhilosophyBeliefs and principlesUnderlying valuesProhibitionsTechnique and methodsBani

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Sikhism portal

Sikhism has been in India for over 500 years, beginning with the birth of its founder Guru Nanak Dev. The Sikhs are predominately located in Punjab, but also in many other parts of India and the world.

Contents

1 The birth of the Sikh religion

2 The Sikh Gurdwara

2.1 Langar (the communal meal)

2.2 The Guru Granth Sahib

3 Sikhs combat with the Mughals

4 Creating an Identity for the Sikhs

5 Punjabi Suba

6 Sikh population by each Indian state

7 References

8 External links


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The birth of the Sikh religion



Kanga, Kara and Kirpan - three of the five articles of faith endowed to the Sikhs.

About 2% of India's population are Sikhs. Even so, the Sikhs, because of their unique appearance sometimes stand for India. Traditionally the men keep their hair and do not shave their beard or moustache. They gather their head hair in a turban. Sikhism is comparatively a new religion in India. This religion was established by Guru Nanak. Nanak was born into a Hindu family in 1469 in the Punjab region. Since childhood he loved to travel, learn and preach humanity. In those days people who taught and preached were titled Guru meaning teacher, his followers became to be known as Sikhs meaning learners. The creators of Sikhism tried to abolish some of the Indian customs such as the caste system and Sati (practice) - burning of the widow. In Sikhism everyone has equal rights irrespective of caste, creed, color, race, sex or religion. Sikhism rejects pilgrimage, fasting, superstitions and other such rituals. Sikhism does not have a clergy class as it considers this as a gateway to corruption. However, they have readers and singers in their temples.

The Sikh Gurdwara



Gurdwara Bangla Sahib



Gurdwara Sri Guru Sis Ganj Sahib

A Sikh place of worship is called Gurdwara. Sikhism does not support pilgrimage to holy sites because according to Sikhism, God is everywhere and not in any certain place. But Sikhism has a few important sites, of which, the Hari Mandir, also known as the 'Golden Temple' in Amritsar in Punjab is the most important site and is considered the holiest shrine of Sikhism. Additional shrines include the Five Takhts, or thrones; and the Anandpur Sahib.

Langar (the communal meal)

Sikhism emphasis community services and helping the needy. One of the distinct features of Sikhism is the common kitchen called Langar. In every Gurdwara there is a Langar. Every Sikh is supposed to contribute in preparing the meals in the free kitchen. The meals are served to all and are eaten sitting on the floor and this is to emphasis the point that all are equals. Sikhism does not believe in holding fasts for body is God's present to human being and therefore humans must foster, maintain and preserve it in good sound condition, unless fasting is done to foster the human body like healthy diets.

The Guru Granth Sahib

Guru Nanak who established Sikhism was its first Guru. After him there were nine more Gurus who were the highest religious authority. The last Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, proclaimed that after him the Guru of the Sikhs would be the holy book of Sikhism, Guru Granth Sahib.

Guru Granth Sahib is written in Gurmukhi script. It includes the writings of the Sikh Gurus and the writings of Hindu and Muslims saints. But out of humility Guru Gobind Singh did not include his own writings in the book he had proclaimed as the permanent Guru of the Sikhs. His writings appear in a separate book called Dasam Granth. Guru Gobind Singh is also the Guru behind the unique appearance of Sikh men.

Sikhs combat with the Mughals

During Guru Gobind's term as the Guru of the Sikhs and also before him, the ruling empire of Punjab region was the Mughal Empire. The Mughals were Muslims. Some of the Moghul emperors, like Aurangazeb were fanatic Muslims who harassed the non- Muslims mainly Hindus and tried to convert them to Muslims.Sikh Guru Teg Bahadur Sahib saved Hindu from Muslims and He named as Hind Di Chadar. In order to stop their persecutions, Guru Gobind decided to make his followers, the Sikhs (meaning learners), a community of fighters. He changed his surname to Singh, which means lion. His followers also changed their surname to Singh. Since then a ceremony of baptizing was established among the Sikhs in which the boys were given the title Singh and the girls...(and so on)
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