Photovoltaic system

I want to introduct something about .
(Redirected from Photovoltaic Systems)
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Photovoltaic module. (Discuss)
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Photovoltaic array. (Discuss)

A PV-solar system
A photovoltaic system is a system which uses solar cells to convert light into electricity. A photovoltaic system consists of multiple components, including cells, mechanical and electrical connections and mountings and means of regulating and/or modifying the electrical output.
Due to the low voltage of an individual solar cell (typically ca. 0.5V), several cells are combined into photovoltaic modules, which are in turn connected together into an array. The electricity generated can be either stored, used directly (island/standalone plant)or fed into a large electricity grid powered by central generation plants (grid-connected/grid-tied plant) or combined with one or many domestic electricity generators to feed into a small grid (hybrid plant) . Depending on the type of application, the rest of the system ("balance of system" or "BOS") consists of different components. The BOS depends on the load profile and the system type. Systems are generally designed in order to ensure the highest energy yield for a given investment.
Contents
1 Standalone systems
2 Hybrid system
3 Grid-connected/Grid-tied System
3.1 Grid connected inverters
3.2 Connection to a DC grid
4 Small-scale PV solar systems
4.1 Small scale DIY solar systems
5 Mounting systems
5.1 Trackers
6 System performance
7 Standardization
8 Legality of photovoltaic systems
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
11.1 PV system manufacturers
//
Standalone systems

Solar powered parking meter.
See also: Remote Area Power Supply
A standalone system does not have a connection to the electricity mains. Standalone systems vary in size from watches or calculators to remote buildings or spacecraft. If the load is to be supplied independently of insolation, the generated power needs to be buffered with a battery. Where weight is not an issue (e.g. buildings) lead acid batteries are used. A charge controller may be incorporated in the system to a) avoid battery damage by excessive charging or discharging and b) optimizing the production of the cells or modules by maximum power point tracking(MPPT). In small devices (e.g. calculators, parking meters) only DC is consumed. In larger systems (e.g. buildings, remote water pumps) AC is usually required. To convert the DC from the modules or batteries into AC, an inverter is used.
Hybrid system
A hybrid system combines PV with other forms of generation, usually a diesel generator. Biogas is also used. The other form of generation may be a type able to modulate power output as a function of demand. However more than one renewable form of energy may be used e.g. wind. The photovoltaic power generation serves to reduce the consumption of non renewable fuel. Hybrid systems are most often found on islands. Pellworm island in Germany and Kynthos island are notable examples (both are combined with wind) . The Kynthos plant has reduced diesel consumption by 11.2%
Grid-connected/Grid-tied System

Solar park
A grid connected system is connected to a large independent grid (typically the public electricity grid) and feeds power into the grid. Grid connected systems vary in size from residential (2-10kWp) to solar power stations (up to 10s of GWp). This is a form of decentralized electricity generation. In the case of residential or building mounted grid connected PV systems, the electricity demand of the building is met by the PV system. Only the excess is fed into the grid when there is an excess. The feeding of electricity into the grid requires the transformation of DC into AC by a special, grid-controlled inverter.
In kW sized installations the DC side system voltage is as high as permitted (typically 1000V except US residential 600V) to limit ohmic losses. Most modules (72 crystalline silicon cells) generate about 160W at 36 volts. It is sometimes necessary or desirable to connect the modules partially in parallel rather than all in series. One set of modules connected in series is known as a 'string'.
Grid connected inverters

Inverter for grid connected PV
On the AC side, these inverters must supply electricity in sinusoidal form, synchronized to the grid frequency, limit feed in voltage to no higher than the grid voltage including disconnecting from the grid if the grid voltage is turned off.
On the DC side, the power output of a module varies as a function of the voltage in a way that power generation can be optimized by varying the system voltage to find the 'maximum power point'. Most inverters...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about petrol hedge trimmers, fuse links, . The products should be show more here!