Thursday, May 14, 2009

Low-noise block converter


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Ku-band LNB with both sides uncovered.

A low-noise block converter (LNB, for low-noise block, or sometimes LNC, for low-noise converter) is the (receiving, or downlink) antenna of what is commonly called the parabolic (actually paraboloid) satellite dish commonly used for satellite TV reception. It is functionally equivalent to the dipole antenna used for most other TV reception purposes, although it is actually waveguide based. Whereas the dipole antenna is unable to adapt itself to various polarization planes without being rotated, the LNB can be switched electronically between horizontal and vertical polarization reception. The LNB is usually fixed on or in the satellite dish, for the reasons outlined below. The corresponding component in the uplink transmit link is called a Block upconverter (BUC).

Satellites use comparatively high radio frequencies to transmit their signals.



LNBF disassembled (All Parts)

As microwave satellite signals do not easily pass through walls, roofs, or even glass windows, satellite antennas are required to be outdoors, and the signal needs to be passed indoors via cables. When radio signals are sent through coaxial cables, the higher the frequency, the more losses occur in the cable per unit of length. The signals used for satellite are of such high frequency (in the multiple gigahertz range) that special (costly) cable types or waveguides would be required and any significant length of cable leaves very little signal left on the receiving end.

The job of the LNB is to use the superheterodyne principle to take a wide block (or band) of relatively high frequencies, amplify and convert them to similar signals carried at a much lower frequency (called intermediate frequency or IF). These lower frequencies travel through cables with much less attenuation of the signal, so there is much more signal left on the satellite receiver end of the cable. It is also much easier and cheaper to design electronic circuits to operate at these lower frequencies, rather than the very high frequencies of satellite transmission.

The low-noise part means that special electronic engineering techniques are used, that the amplification and mixing takes place before cable attenuation and that the block is free of additional electronics like a power supply or a digital receiver. This all leads to a signal which has less noise (unwanted signals) on the output than would be possible with less stringent engineering. Generally speaking, the higher the frequencies with which an electronic component has to operate, the more critical it is that noise be controlled. If low-noise engineering techniques were not used, the sound and picture of satellite TV would be of very low quality, if it could even be received at all without a much larger dish reflector. The low-noise quality of an LNB is expressed as the noise figure or noise temperature.

For the reception of wideband satellite television carriers, typically 27MHz wide, the accuracy of the frequency of the LNB local oscillator need only be in the order of 500kHz, so low cost dielectric oscillators (DRO) may be used. For the reception of narrow bandwidth carriers or ones using advanced modulation techniques, such as 16-QAM, highly stable and low phase noise LNB local oscillators are required. These use an internal crystal oscillator or an external 10MHz reference from the indoor unit and a phase-locked loop (PLL) oscillator.

Contents

1 LNBFs

2 Universal LNB

3 Standard North America Ku-band LNB

4 North America DBS LNB

5 C-band LNB

6 Dual/Quad/Octo LNBs

7 Monoblock LNBs

8 Cold temperatures

9 See also

10 External links


//


LNBFs



Ku-band linear-polarised LNBF

Direct broadcast satellite (DBS) dishes use an LNBF (NB feedhorn), which integrates the antenna feedhorn with the LNB. Small diplexers are often used to distribute the resulting IF signal (usually 950 to 1450 MHz) piggybacked in the same cable TV wire that carries lower-frequency terrestrial television from an outdoor antenna. Another diplexer then separates the signals to the receiver of the TV set, and the integrated receiver/decoder (IRD) of the DBS set-top box.

Newer Ka band systems use additional IF blocks from the LNBF, one of which will cause interference to UHF and cable TV frequencies above 250MHz, precluding the use of diplexers. The other block is higher than the original, up to 2.5GHz, requiring the LNB to be connected to high-quality all-copper RG-6/U cables. This is in addition to higher electrical power and electrical current requirements for multiple dual-band LNBFs.

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Pistonless rotary engine


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Internal Rotor Motor with Integrated Electronics


A pistonless rotary engine is an internal combustion engine that does not use pistons in the way a reciprocating engine does, but instead uses one or more rotors, sometimes called rotary pistons. An example of a pistonless rotary engine is the Wankel engine.

The term rotary combustion engine has been suggested as an alternative name for these engines to distinguish them from the obsolete aircraft engines also known as rotary engines. However both continue to be called rotary engines and only the context determines which type is meant. In particular, the only commercial producer of (pistonless) automobile rotary engines as of 2005[update], Mazda, consistently refers to its Wankel engines as rotary engines. O.S. Engines, who produce a Wankel model airplane engine, refer to it as a wankel rotary engine.

Contents

1 Pistonless rotary engines

2 Advantages

3 Disadvantages

4 Comparisons

5 External links


//


Pistonless rotary engines

The basic concept of a (pistonless) rotary engine avoids the reciprocating motion of the piston with its inherent vibration and rotational-speed-related mechanical stress. As of 2006[update] the Wankel engine is the only successful pistonless rotary engine[citation needed], but many similar concepts have been proposed and are under various stages of development. Examples of rotary engines include:

Production stage

The Wankel engine

Development stage

The Sarich orbital engine

The RKM engine (RotationsKolbenMaschinen)

The Trochilic engine

The Engineair engine

Conceptual stage

The quasiturbine

The Liquidpiston engine

The Gerotor engine

Advantages

All such engines have the potential to improve on the piston engine in the areas of:

Higher power-to-weight ratios.

Mechanical simplicity.

Less vibration.

Sealing system has no revolutions-limit; piston rings fail after the engine's revolutions-limit.

While typically larger than the piston of an engine of corresponding capacity, a rotor may perform many strokes per revolution. The Wankel produces twelve strokes per revolution of the rotor (four strokes per chamber times three chambers) (although the spindle rotates three times faster than the rotor or three times over the twelve strokes), as opposed to two strokes for each crankshaft rotation of a single-cylinder single acting piston engine, or four strokes for a double-acting cylinder such as found in some steam engines. The quasiturbine and MYT engine deliver sixteen strokes for every rotor (and spindle) revolution.

Disadvantages

Although in two dimensions the seal system of a Wankel looks to be even simpler than that of a corresponding multi-cylinder piston engine, in three dimensions the reverse is the case. As well as the rotor apex seals evident in the conceptual diagram, the rotor must also seal against the chamber ends.

Piston rings are not perfect seals. Each has a gap in fact to allow for expansion. Moreover the sealing at the Wankel apexes is less critical, as leakage is between adjacent chambers on adjacent strokes of the cycle, rather than to the crankcase. However, the less effective sealing of the Wankel is one factor reducing its efficiency, and confining its success mainly to applications such as racing engines and sports vehicles where neither efficiency nor long engine life are major considerations. In earlier models, the Wankel engines should never be started and run unless the engine has reached operating temperature; most such instances of jammed engines occur when a car is started and moved a few yards, e.g. from a garage to a driveway. In these situations it is better to push the car and not start the engine. This is due to the engine flooding with fuel, which can lead to hydrolock of the motor. This "flooding" is caused by the excess amount of fuel injected into the engine in its "cold" running circuit. The flooding issue has been largely fixed through changes in the ECU programming and a faster starter motor.

50% longer stroke duration than a piston engine (Wankel engine).

The Quasiturbine has similar disadvantages with its concave combustion chamber, and in the AC design the sharp angles of the carriers hamper the propagation of the flame front, leading to incomplete combustion. The stroke duration is too short for a complete combustion.

Comparisons

The simplest design, either proposed or in use, is the Wankel. Its only moving parts are a three-sided rotor turning on an eccentric shaft; There is neither camshaft nor valves. The rotor is not fixed to the eccentric shaft, but turns it by means of an internal gear on the inside of the rotor engaging a smaller conventional gear on the side plate. The rotor is positively located by the eccentric shaft and by the geometry of the rotor and engine chamber. A Wankel engine fires once for...(and so on)
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Mold growth, assessment, and remediation


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Mold assessment and Mold remediation are techniques used in occupational health: mold assessment is the process of identifying the location and extent of the mold hazard in a structure, and mold remediation is the process of removal and/or cleanup of mold from an indoor environment.

It has been estimated that 40 percent of United States homes have some form of mold problem.

Contents

1 Health effects

2 Causes / Growing conditions

3 Assessment

3.1 Sampling

4 Remediation

4.1 Cleanup and removal methods

4.1.1 Vacuum

4.1.2 Damp wipe

4.1.3 HEPA vacuum

4.1.4 Disposal of debris and damaged materials

4.2 Equipment

5 Protection levels

5.1 Level I

5.2 Level II

5.3 Level III

5.4 Level IV

6 Notes

7 See also

8 External links


//


Health effects

Main article: Mold health issues

Molds are ubiquitous in nature, and mold spores are a common component of household and workplace dust. However, when mold spores are present in large quantities, they can present a health hazard to humans, potentially causing allergic reactions and respiratory problems.

Some molds also produce mycotoxins that can pose serious health risks to humans and animals. Exposure to high levels of mycotoxins can lead to neurological problems and in some cases death. Prolonged exposure, e.g. daily workplace exposure, can be particularly harmful. The term toxic mold refers to molds that produce mycotoxins, such as Stachybotrys chartarum, and not to all molds in general.

Causes / Growing conditions

Molds and fungi are found everywhere inside and outside, and can grow on almost any substance when moisture is present. Molds when they reproduce make spores, which can be carried by air currents. When these spores land on a moist surface that is suitable for life, they begin to grow. Molds are essential to the natural breakdown of organic materials in the environment. Mold is normally found indoors at levels that do not affect most healthy individuals. When these levels become abnormally high as determined by indoor air quality testing or a mold inspection, remediation is recommended to be carried out by a professional remediation company.[citation needed]

Because common building materials are capable of sustaining mold growth, and mold spores are ubiquitous, mold growth in an indoor environment is typically related to an indoor water or moisture problem. Mold growth may also be caused by incomplete drying of flooring materials such as concrete. Leaky roofs, building maintenance problems, or indoor plumbing problems can lead to mold growth inside homes, schools, or office buildings. Another common source of mold growth is flooding.

For significant mold growth to occur, there must be a source of water (which could be invisible humidity), a source of food, and a substrate capable of sustaining growth. Common building materials, such as plywood, drywall, furring strips, carpets, and carpet padding are food for molds. In carpet, invisible dust and cellulose are the food sources (see also dust mites). After a single incident of water damage occurs in a building, molds grow inside walls and then become dormant until a subsequent incident of high humidity; this illustrates how mold can appear to be a sudden problem, long after a previous flood or water incident that did not produce a mold-related problem. The right conditions re-activate mold. Studies also show that mycotoxin levels are perceptibly higher in buildings that have once had a water incident (source CMHC).



Although this home suffered only minor exterior damage from Hurricane Katrina, small leaks and inadequate air flow permitted this mold infestation.

Both our indoor and outdoor environment have mold spores present. There is no such thing as a mold free environment in the Earth's biosphere.

Spores need three things to grow into mold:

Nutrients: Food for spores in an indoor environment is organic matter, often cellulose.

Moisture: Moisture is required to begin the decaying process caused by the mold.

Time: Mold growth begins between 24 hours and 10 days from the provision of the growing conditions. There is no known way to date mold.

Mold colonies can grow inside building structures. The main problem with the presence of mold in buildings is the inhalation of mycotoxins. Molds may produce an identifiable smell. Growth is fostered by moisture. After a flood or major leak, mycotoxin levels are higher in the building even after it has dried out (source: CMHC).

Food sources for molds in buildings include cellulose-based materials, such as wood, cardboard, and the paper facing on both sides of drywall, and all other kinds of organic matter, such as soap, dust and fabrics. Carpet contains dust made of organic matter such as skin cells. If a house has...(and so on)
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Royal Park, Melbourne


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Burke and Wills expedition monument in Royal Park with Melbourne skyline

Royal Park is located 4kilometres (2.5mi) north of the Melbourne Central Business District, Victoria, Australia, in the suburb of Parkville. It is the largest of Melbourne's inner city parks at 181hectares (450 acres).

Many sporting facilities are provided including the North Park Tennis Club, Royal Park Golf Course, football and soccer ovals, baseball and cricket pitches, State Netball and Hockey Centre, and cycling and walking paths. On the corner of Gatehouse street and Royal Parade there is a native garden. There are wide vistas of grassland and lightly timbered areas with eucalypts, casuarina and acacias. The Melbourne City Council administers the park and instituted in 1984 a park management plan. A wetlands area is being developed in 2005.

The grassy hill between the Royal Children's Hospital and the Native Garden is ideal for kite flying during the day. Over the summer months members of the Astronomical Society of Victoria set up telescopes and conduct evening talks and tours of the night sky from this vantage point.

Contents

1 Wildlife

2 History

2.1 The Royal Park Master Plan Design Competition

2.2 Commonwealth Games Village

2.3 Royal Melbourne Hospital extension

3 Transport

4 External links


//


Wildlife

The park is home to many native animals such as possums, and a rich variety of birdlife which includes: Flame Robins, Horsfield's Bronze Cuckoos, Red-rumped Parrots, Eastern and Pale-headed Rosellas, White-browed Scrubwren, Brown Goshawk, Little Falcon, Black-shouldered Kite, Kestrel, Brown Falcon, Little Eagle, Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike, Grey Fantail, Superb Fairy-wren, Spotted and Striated Pardalote, Scarlet Robin, and Red-browed Firetails.

History

In the early years of European settlement Wurundjeri camp fires were sometimes seen in the vicinity of Royal Park, although the Yarra people generally preferred camping beside the Yarra River or Merri Creek.

Governor Charles La Trobe set aside in 1845 a reservation of 10.36square kilometres (4.00sqmi) for parkland and open space, however, by the time of its proclamation in 1854 this had been reduced to a reserve of 6.25km2 (2.41sqmi). This was further reduced to 2.83km2 (1.09sqmi) with the rapid increase of population from the Victorian gold rush, to form the suburb of Parkville from three new residential areas, Parkville North, South and West. In 1861 the Royal Melbourne Zoological Gardens was allocated 0.2km2 (0.077sqmi). Further excisions followed for roads, tramline and the Upfield railway line; University High School (1929), Royal Melbourne Hospital (1944), Royal Children's Hospital (1957), Royal Dental Hospital (1963).

In 1860 the Burke and Wills expedition set out from Royal Park to cross Australia from south to north. They perished on the return journey. A cairn now marks the departure point of their expedition in Royal Park.

The park was used for military encampments during World War One and Two, with Camp Pell being used by United States forces during the Second World War. After the war the permanent buildings of Camp Pell were used for emergency housing accommodation until 1960. As of 2005, the one existing building from Camp Pell is used as an 'Urban Camp' to provide accommodation for rural school children and other groups when visiting Melbourne.

The Royal Park Master Plan Design Competition

Following many years of agitation by resident groups and various failed planning attempts, the Melbourne City Council held a design competition in 1984, judged by representatives of the Australian Institute of Landscape Architects, Royal Australian Institute of Parks and Recreation, Melbourne University's School of Environmental Planning, and the Melbourne City Council.

The winning entry by landscape architects Brian Stafford and Ronald Jones expressed a philosophy that the character of the Park was inherent in its form 'a place where the earth swells, the dome of the sky soars overhead and the horizon beckons'. A sense of the landscape at the time of Europeans first encounter with it was to be evoked by planting indigenous species and enhancing the park spacious quality, principally through a process of 'editing' rather than adding new features. The aim was 'to provide a park for persons rather than machinery, for individual public activity rather than restricted private institutions, and for psychological recreation as well as physical activity'.

The plan proposed extensive planting of indigenous trees, while the expansive hilltop in the Park south-east was to be cleared and planted with native grasses. A network of walking and cycle paths was proposed, along with works to reduce the impact of traffic and parking, including closing through roads, rebuilding a large section of Macarthur Road as a tunnel, and...(and so on)
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Shantipur


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for the towns in Nepal see Shantipur, Nepal

Shantipur





ShantipurLocation of Shantipurin West Bengaland India

Country

India

State

West Bengal

District(s)

Nadia

Population

138,195(2001[update])

Time zone

IST (UTC+5:30)

Area? Elevation

? 15m (49ft)

Codes

? Pincode

? 741404

? Telephone

? +03472

Coordinates: 2315?N 8826?E? / ?23.25 88.43? / 23.25; 88.43

Shantipur (Bengali: ?????????) is a city and a municipality in Nadia district in the Indian state of West Bengal. This small town has been declared a city recently. The fort area of this city, also known as Daak-Gharh (calling or gathering room ) was thought to have been built by Raja Krishnachandra of Nodia.

Contents

1 Geography

2 Demographics

3 Economy

4 Culture

5 Transport

6 Politics

7 See also

8 References


//


Geography

Shantipur is located at 2315?N 8826?E? / ?23.25 88.43? / 23.25; 88.43. It has an average elevation of 15metres (49feet).

Santipur was famous for handloom sarees from ancient times.After the partition of India many weavers came from Dhaka of Bangladesh and started to reside here in Fulia anchal, which is a Panchayet area of Santipur P.S.

Demographics

As of 2001[update] India census, Shantipur had a population of 138,195. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Shantipur has an average literacy rate of 64%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 69%, and female literacy is 58%. In Santipur, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Economy

Santipur was famous for handloom sarees from ancient times.Then it was called santipuri saree.After partition of India, many skilled weavers of Dhaka came and settled in West Bengal around Shantipur and Ambika Kalna of Bardhaman district, both traditionally renowned centres for hand-woven fabrics. With government encouragement and support, the talented weavers soon revived their ancestral occupation and the art of exquisite weaving once again flourished. Today, finely woven feather-touch textiles and saris in exotic designs and colours are being produced in the vast weaving belt of Shantipur, Phulia, Samudragarh, Dhatrigram and Ambika Kalna each centre producing superb fabrics in its own unique weaving style. Santipur is known for superfine dhotis and jacquards. The produce is marketed through co-operatives and various undertakings.

Culture

Shantipur is famous for "Rasutsav" and "Dolutsav" which is thought to have begun by mathuresh goswami , the great grandson of advaita acharya who was one of the main associates of chaitanya mahaprabhu. the principle deity of the town is radharaman in the family of baro gosai , descending from mathuresh goswami.the deity was originally installed as a single statue of krishna named 'dol govinda' in orissa by king indradyumna.when king of yessore ( now in bangladesh) attacked orissa he brought this deity with him to his capital . later ,in the era of mughal emperor akbar the great ,his general man singh laid a seize on yessore. pratapaditya was the reigning king at that time . the priest of the temple gave away the deity to his own guru mathuresh goswami to protect it in time of emergency.mathuresh goswami realized the gravity of the situation and had it brought to his ancestral home shantipur where he reinstalled it in a new temple.a deity of radha was later installed beside dolgovinda and both of them renamed radharaman.

the deity worshipped by advaita achrya himself is named madan gopal and is worshipped in the lineage of krishna mishra , the second son of advaita acharya.apart from them there are numerous other idols and ancient temples dedicated to radha and krishna.on the day of rasa yatra , the main festival of the town , all of them are taken out in a grand procession around the city accompanied with drums , kirtan and other celebration.curiously all the thrones are lit with the age old belgium glass candle holders and chandeliers , instead of electric lighting , even to this day . this gives rasotsav a very ancient and historical look.

on this day a young girl is dressed in expensive attire and gold ornaments and worshipped as radha.after this she is made to sit in a luxurious throne decorated with flowers and paraded across the city for the commoners to offer their respects. she is called rai raja. rai is another name for radha and raja means king.

Transport

Shantipur is well connected by rail by EMU services running from Sealdah North section. Shantipur is well connected to the district Burdawan (Kalna)and the district Hoogly (Guptipara)through the river Ganges(Bhagirathi)

It is on NH 34

Politics

Ajoy Dey of INC has won the Shantipur seat of the state assembly in 2006, 2001, 1996 and 1991, defeating his...(and so on)
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Fredwreck


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Fredwreck

Background information

Birth name

Farid Karam Nassar

Born

June 23, 1972 (1972-06-23) (age36)

Origin

Flint, Michigan

Genre(s)

Rap & Hip hop

Occupation(s)

Record Producer

Years active

1988-present

Label(s)

Doggystyle Records

Associated acts

Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg, Britney Spears, Kurupt, Eminem, Ice Cube, Westside Connection, Lil Kim, Hilary Duff, Xzibit, Nate Dogg, Everlast, Cypress Hill, 50 Cent, Mobb Deep, The Doors

Website

Official website

Notableinstrument(s)

keyboards, synthesizers, guitar, bass, drum machine, turntables, flute

Fredwreck (of Palestinian descent, born Farid Nassar in Flint, Michigan) is a record producer from Los Angeles, California. He got his big break when he became a producer for Dr. Dre's newly founded Aftermath Records label, and went on to work with Snoop Dogg's record label Dogghouse Records (now Doggystyle Records) and became a known producer on Tha Dogg Pound-affiliated material. He has produced tracks from Kurupt's Tha Streetz Iz a Mutha and most of his next release, Space Boogie: Smoke Oddessey; both released during the period the rapper had left Death Row. He has also produced for other hip hop and pop artists such as Britney Spears, Kurupt, Eminem, Ice Cube, Westside Connection, Lil Kim, Hilary Duff, Xzibit, Nate Dogg, Everlast, Cypress Hill, 50 Cent, Mobb Deep, and The Doors.

Contents

1 Early life

2 Music career

3 MTV Arabia

4 Gumball 3000

5 Stop The Oppressive Politics

6 External links

7 References


//


Early life

The first child of Aida Kaileh and Karam Nassar, FredWreck was born Farid Karam Nassar on June 23, 1972. His parents met and married in Palestine and immigrated to the United States in 1967. They had 2 more children, two sons, named Omar and Salam. Salam "Wreck" went on to Dj for D12, Obie Trice, and Eminem and produced music for DMX, 50 Cent, D12, and Proof.

His father worked as a tool and die maker for AC Spark Plug, a General Motors division, and later moved the family to California to open his own grocery business. In California, FredWreck began breakdancing and DJing at local parties and school dances. This made him a regular at the local record store Upstairs Records, which led to a job at the store as one of the record buyers.

From there FredWreck landed a job doing mixxes as a guest on the local radio station, which eventually led him to a weekly mix show spot, and gave him the opportunity to do remixes of songs already on the stations playlist. Record labels soon took notice of his remixes, and began buying them, and distributing them to radio stations across the country. It is at radio where FredWreck first met Sway & King Tech along with Joe Quixx, and became a member of the world famous Wake Up Show, hip hop radio show.

Music career

Inspired by producers Dr. Dre, Mantronix, Marley Marl, and The Bomb Squad, FredWreck began experimenting with production equipment, recording techniques, and his skills as a DJ to carve out his own sound. The influence of East Coast Hip Hop, West Coast Hip Hop, Electro, Funk, Soul, Arabic and Rock helped give him a signature sound. From 1995 to 1997 he was hired by legendary Bomb Squad producer Hank Shocklee as an A & R executive at MCA/Universal Records where he oversaw the recordings of artists such as Mary J. Blige, Aaliyah, Immature, Al Green, King Tee, Shai, Bobby Brown and Soundtracks such as Dangerous Minds, Tales from the Hood, and others.

After leaving MCA/Universal, FredWreck decided to concentrate fully on production. He would give out his production CD to anyone that would listen, and it eventually ended up with Dr. Dre who called FredWreck to come in and collaborate with him in the studio. Which led to him working on the multi-platinum selling Chronic 2001.

His roommate at the time Xzibit introduced him to legendary producer Soopafly, who then also passed his beat CD on to members of the Dogg Pound, Daz and Kurupt. Which led to his production on the Kurupt album Streetz Iz A Mutha, and the chance to work with Snoop Dogg. Snoop then asked FredWreck to join his DoggyStyle Records imprint as a producer which led to production on Snoop's albums, and artists on his label such as Tha Eastsidaz.

In 2007 he partnered up with songwriter Kara Dioguardi to produce songs for pop stars Britney Spears and Hilary Duff. He received an MTV Europe Music Award for Best Album for his production on Britney's Black Out Album and Kara went on to be the new judge on American Idol.

MTV Arabia

The launch of MTV Arabia in 2007 brought FredWreck to his roots in the middle east, where he hosted a hip hop talent search across Arabia. The first season led to the discovery of many talented Arab rappers such as Omar Boflot, Desert Heat, Asfalt &...(and so on)
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Sikhism in India


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Sikhism has been in India for over 500 years, beginning with the birth of its founder Guru Nanak Dev. The Sikhs are predominately located in Punjab, but also in many other parts of India and the world.

Contents

1 The birth of the Sikh religion

2 The Sikh Gurdwara

2.1 Langar (the communal meal)

2.2 The Guru Granth Sahib

3 Sikhs combat with the Mughals

4 Creating an Identity for the Sikhs

5 Punjabi Suba

6 Sikh population by each Indian state

7 References

8 External links


//


The birth of the Sikh religion



Kanga, Kara and Kirpan - three of the five articles of faith endowed to the Sikhs.

About 2% of India's population are Sikhs. Even so, the Sikhs, because of their unique appearance sometimes stand for India. Traditionally the men keep their hair and do not shave their beard or moustache. They gather their head hair in a turban. Sikhism is comparatively a new religion in India. This religion was established by Guru Nanak. Nanak was born into a Hindu family in 1469 in the Punjab region. Since childhood he loved to travel, learn and preach humanity. In those days people who taught and preached were titled Guru meaning teacher, his followers became to be known as Sikhs meaning learners. The creators of Sikhism tried to abolish some of the Indian customs such as the caste system and Sati (practice) - burning of the widow. In Sikhism everyone has equal rights irrespective of caste, creed, color, race, sex or religion. Sikhism rejects pilgrimage, fasting, superstitions and other such rituals. Sikhism does not have a clergy class as it considers this as a gateway to corruption. However, they have readers and singers in their temples.

The Sikh Gurdwara



Gurdwara Bangla Sahib



Gurdwara Sri Guru Sis Ganj Sahib

A Sikh place of worship is called Gurdwara. Sikhism does not support pilgrimage to holy sites because according to Sikhism, God is everywhere and not in any certain place. But Sikhism has a few important sites, of which, the Hari Mandir, also known as the 'Golden Temple' in Amritsar in Punjab is the most important site and is considered the holiest shrine of Sikhism. Additional shrines include the Five Takhts, or thrones; and the Anandpur Sahib.

Langar (the communal meal)

Sikhism emphasis community services and helping the needy. One of the distinct features of Sikhism is the common kitchen called Langar. In every Gurdwara there is a Langar. Every Sikh is supposed to contribute in preparing the meals in the free kitchen. The meals are served to all and are eaten sitting on the floor and this is to emphasis the point that all are equals. Sikhism does not believe in holding fasts for body is God's present to human being and therefore humans must foster, maintain and preserve it in good sound condition, unless fasting is done to foster the human body like healthy diets.

The Guru Granth Sahib

Guru Nanak who established Sikhism was its first Guru. After him there were nine more Gurus who were the highest religious authority. The last Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, proclaimed that after him the Guru of the Sikhs would be the holy book of Sikhism, Guru Granth Sahib.

Guru Granth Sahib is written in Gurmukhi script. It includes the writings of the Sikh Gurus and the writings of Hindu and Muslims saints. But out of humility Guru Gobind Singh did not include his own writings in the book he had proclaimed as the permanent Guru of the Sikhs. His writings appear in a separate book called Dasam Granth. Guru Gobind Singh is also the Guru behind the unique appearance of Sikh men.

Sikhs combat with the Mughals

During Guru Gobind's term as the Guru of the Sikhs and also before him, the ruling empire of Punjab region was the Mughal Empire. The Mughals were Muslims. Some of the Moghul emperors, like Aurangazeb were fanatic Muslims who harassed the non- Muslims mainly Hindus and tried to convert them to Muslims.Sikh Guru Teg Bahadur Sahib saved Hindu from Muslims and He named as Hind Di Chadar. In order to stop their persecutions, Guru Gobind decided to make his followers, the Sikhs (meaning learners), a community of fighters. He changed his surname to Singh, which means lion. His followers also changed their surname to Singh. Since then a ceremony of baptizing was established among the Sikhs in which the boys were given the title Singh and the girls...(and so on)
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Wednesday, May 13, 2009

Exit sign


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A well-designed fire exit sign is easily seen, even if visibility is poor. This type of sign, with the word "EXIT" in red or green, is the most commonly seen in the United States. Note the emergency lighting immediately above the sign



Emergency exit in the Stockholm Metro

An exit sign is a device in a public facility (such as a building, airplane or boat) that displays where the emergency exit is.

Most exit signs around the world are in pictogram form, with or without text supplement. There has been a shift towards the adoption of such exit signs in the recent decade. A small minority of nations adhered to the exit signs that show the word "EXIT" (or similar in another language). Its purpose is guiding people to the closest exit in case of fire or other emergency. The English word "exit" comes directly from the Latin word meaning "to go out." Most fire codes require exit signs to be permanently lit.

Since visibility may be reduced in a fire, due to smoke or failure of electric lighting, the sign is often permanently illuminated, usually by one of:

Radioluminescence, ('traser'), self-luminous, where a phosphor coating inside a glass tube glows due to the beta decay of radioactive tritium in the tube. Radioluminescence exit signs are prohibited in Department of Defense installations by the Unified Facility Criteria (UFC) 3-600-01 (http://www.wbdg.org/ccb/DOD/UFC/ufc_3_600_01.pdf)

Phosphorescence ('glow in the dark'), Photoluminescent, where light is absorbed from the surroundings and slowly re-emitted.

Electric light, with a local rechargeable power source.

Electric light, with the building's emergency lighting circuits providing back-up power from a UPS and/or a generator in case normal power is lost.

Contents

1 History

2 Modern installations

3 Battery backup

4 Self luminous exit signs

5 Red or green

6 External links


//


History



Earlier exit signs such as this one were powered by incandescent bulbs and appeared relatively dim.

Early exit signs were generally either made of metal and lit by a nearby incandescent light bulb or were a glass cover that fit directly over a single-bulb light fixture. The inherent flaws with these designs were that, in a fire, the power to the light often failed. In addition, the fixtures were small and dim, making them hard to spot in a fire where smoke often reduced visibility. Better signs were soon developed that more resembled today's modern exit sign, with an incandescent bulb inside a rectangular-shaped box that backlit the word "EXIT" on both sides. Being larger than its predecessors, this version of the exit sign solved some of the visibility problem. The sign was only useful as long as main power remained on.



Emergency exit sign used in Japan and South Korea, also sometimes used in the UK (BS 5499), New York City (LL26) and Norway

As battery-backup systems became smaller and more efficient, some exit signs began to use a dual-power system. Under normal conditions, the exit sign was lit by main power and the battery was in a charge state. In the event of a power outage, the battery would supply power to light the sign. It continued to discharge until main power returned to the unit or the battery was no longer able to provide sufficient power to light the sign. Early battery-backup systems were big, heavy, and costly. Modern systems are lightweight, can be installed virtually anywhere, and are integrated into the fixture, rather than requiring a separate box. As batteries improved, so did the amount of time that a fixture could remain lit on batteries.



Emergency fire exit sign as used in Hong Kong.

While exit signs were more visible due to large letters, even a 60-watt bulb shown through a plastic or glass cover (see image), appeared somewhat dim. With the development of fluorescent lamp and light-emitting diode technology, exit signs could be made even brighter to show up in the limited visibility of a fire situation, and/or use less electricity. LED signs work by combining a large number of bright light-emitting diodes to illuminate the sign from inside. Fluorescent bulbs work in the same way as incandescent bulbs, backlighting both sides of an exit fixture from the inside. Because an exit sign is constantly lit, fluorescent bulbs need to be changed more often than LEDs. As a rule, LEDs have a very long life, and may last for 10 years or more of continuous use, although the brightness may diminish. Incandescent bulbs are still in use, because they are cheap and common, even though they use more electricity and require frequent replacement. In recent years, radioluminescent and phosphorescent signs require no electricity have also been developed. Radioluminescence uses the radioactive decay of tritium to light the sign, while phosphorescence uses light-emitting phosphors to...(and so on)
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Look up blouse in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.



A modern blouse

The word blouse most commonly refers to a woman's shirt , although the term is also used for some men's military uniform jackets.

Description and History

Blouses were rarely part of the fashionable woman's wardrobe until the 1890s. Before that time, they were occasionally popular for informal wear in styles that echoed peasant or traditional clothing, such as the Garibaldi shirt of the 1860s.

During the later Victorian period, blouses became common for informal, practical wear. A simple blouse with a plain skirt was the standard dress for the newly expanded female (non-domestic) workforce of the 1890s, especially for those employed in office work. In the 1900s and 1910s, elaborate blouses, such as the "lingerie blouse" (so-called because they were heavily decorated with lace and embroidery in a style formerly restricted to underwear) and the "Gibson Girl blouse" with tucks and pleating, became immensely popular for daywear and even some informal evening wear. Since then, blouses have remained a wardrobe staple.

Blouses are often made of cotton or silk cloth and may or may not include a collar and sleeves. They are generally more tailored than simple knit tops, and may contain feminine details such as ruffles, a tie or a soft bow at the neck, or embroidered decorations.

Tailoring provides a closer fit to the wearer's shape. This is achieved with sewing of features such as princess seams or darting in the waist and/or bust.

Blouses (and many women's shirts with buttons) usually have buttons reversed from that of men's shirts(except in the case of male military fatigues). That is, the buttons are normally on the wearer's left-hand and the buttonholes are on the right. The reasons for this are unclear, and while several theories exist none have conclusive evidence. Some suggest this custom was introduced by launderers so they could distinguish between women's and men's shirts. One theory purports that the tradition arose in the Middle Ages when one manner of manifesting wealth was by the number of buttons one wore. Another that the original design was based on armour which was designed so that a right-handed opponent would not catch their weapon in the seam and tear through, and also that a person could draw a weapon with their right-hand without catching it in a loose seam of their own clothes. Female servants were in charge of buttoning their mistress's gowns (since the buttons were usually in the back). They tired of attempting to deal with buttons that were, from their point of view, backwards and as such they started reversing the placement when making or repairing them. Another possible reason is so men can easily undo blouses as, from the front, buttons are on the same side as a men's shirt. One other theory is that women were normally dressed by their maids, while men dressed themselves. As such, women's blouses were designed so it could be easily buttoned by the maid but that of men were designed so it could be easily buttoned by the person wearing it.

Although in all the cases proposed the reasons for the distinction no longer exist, it continues out of custom or tradition.

While most women prefer to have the top button open for better comfort, some blouses made for women have looser necklines so the top button can be fastened without compromising comfort, but giving the same stylish appearance.

Some women attach various pins and ornaments to their blouses over a fastened top button for style. Some of these attach directly to the button itself, others to the collars.

Some religions require women to wear blouses with the top buttons fastened while in public for modesty. Members of these religions who find this uncomfortable will often circumvent this requirement by wearing a crew-neck or mock turtleneck shirt under their blouse.

Some blouses do not have a top button at all, and collars are styled to be open.

References

^ http://www.apparelsearch.com/glossary_b_3_textile.htm

^ http://toysforkidsvt.com/index.php/marine-dictionary

http://iamfashion.blogspot.com/2005/03/blouse-trends-spring-2005.html



v?d?eClothing

Materials

Cloth Denim Down Fur Leather Nylon Polyester Spandex Silk

Tops

Blouse Crop top Dress shirt Halterneck Henley shirt Hoodie Jersey Polo shirt Shirt Sleeveless shirt Sweater T-shirt Turtleneck

Trousers / Pants

Bell-bottoms Bermuda shorts Bondage pants Boxer shorts Capri pants Cargo pants Culottes Cycling shorts Jeans Jodhpurs Overall Parachute pants Shorts Sweatpants Windpants

Skirts

Ballerina skirt Hobble skirt Jean skirt Job skirt Leather skirt Kilt Poodle skirt Prairie skirt Miniskirt Slip Skort Train

Dresses

Ball gown Cocktail dress Evening gown Gown Jumper dress Little black dress Petticoat Sari Sundress Tea gown...(and so on)
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Maisto


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For the previous U.S. Ambassador to Venezuela, see John Maisto.

Maisto

Type

Private

Founded

1967

Headquarters

California, USA

Key people

Ngan family, FounderP. Y. Ngan, CEO

Industry

Model Cars

Employees

47

Parent

May Cheong Group

Website

www.maisto.com

Maisto (pronounced "mace-toe") is a company that manufactures die-cast models of automobiles, aircraft, and a number of Tonka products. The company is based in California and their products are made in China and Thailand. Maisto creates 1:12, 1:18, 1:24, 1:25, 1:27, 1:43, 1:31 and 1:64 scale models. The models are based on vehicles that are popular today. In 2005 the May Cheong Group acquired the assets of Bburago, another scale model manufacturer who went bankrupt. Today the May Cheong Group is also the parent company of Maisto.

1:64 scale Maisto die-cast models are aimed at the lower end of the market and compete with Hot Wheels and Johnny Lightning. However, Maisto is quite popular in the market due to the excellent value for money their products offer and because Maisto makes models of several popular cars.

Maisto has a line of die-cast cars called AllStarz which feature custom rims, special paint jobs, lowered suspension and upgraded in-car entertainment systems. Another line called Pro Rodz uses the same features - except that the models consist of classic American muscle cars. Both lines are directly in competition with Jada Toys' Dub City and Big Time Muscle lines.

Contents

1 Product Lineup

1.1 Collector Vehicles

1.2 Radio-Controlled Vehicles

2 See also

3 References

4 External links


//


Product Lineup



Maisto model of a McLaren F1 roadcar in 1:18 scale



Three 1:64 scale Maisto cars, a Volkswagen New Beetle, Mini Cooper, and Porsche 356A

Collector Vehicles

Special Edition - Mid-range vehicle replicas. 1:18 scale models are mounted on plastic display stand.

Premiere Edition - Vehicle replicas with clear plastic casing over display stand. No real quality increase over Special Edition, varies with the model.

Assembly Line - Ready-to-build die-cast vehicles. Includes Ferrari models.

GT Racing - Replicas of race cars from the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (German Touring Car Championship) and 24 Hours of Le Mans series.

AllStars - Scale replica vehicles with lowered suspension, larger wheels, custom interiors and special paint jobs. Formerly marketed as Playerz.

AllStars Red - Target-exclusive lineup, which consists of 100 different models.

Pro Rodz - American muscle cars with custom wheels, interior and paint jobs. Some 1:18 and 1:24 models are also available as assembly kits.

Pro Rodz Pro Street - American muscle cars modified with larger engines and thicker tires for drag racing.

Motorcycles - Lineup consists of Harley-Davidsons, MotoGP racers, Vespa scooters, stock motorcycles and the Dodge Tomahawk Concept Bike.

Wild Rides - Custom choppers with matching helmets.

Tour de Maisto - 1:12 scale replica bicycles.

Hummer World - Maisto's exclusive lineup of Hummer vehicles.

Tonka Classic - Replicas of classic Tonka vehicles.

Chuck & Friends - 3" cartoon vehicles that are part of the Tonka Collection.

Fresh Metal - Power Racers - 4.5" die-cast vehicles with pull-back motors.

Fresh Metal - Tailwinds - 1:87 die-cast historic and modern-era military helicopters and airplanes. Plastic stand with aircraft name included.

Gascaps - Super-deformed vehicles, similar to Jada Toys' Chub City line.

TLUGZ - 1:24 scale plastic vehicles with 2 1/2" block character figures.

Radio-Controlled Vehicles

Custom R/C Shop - Radio-controlled versions of AllStars and Pro Rodz vehicles.

Street Troopers: Mobilized Attack Vehicles - R/C vehicles that can transform into attack modes and fire foam projectiles.

See also

Bburago

Hot Wheels

Tomica

Matchbox (toy company)

Jada Toys

References

^ Maisto Products

^ Maisto Products

^ Maisto Assembly Line

^ Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters

^ Allstars

^ Prorodz

^ Maisto Die-Cast Motorcycle Collections

^ http://www.maisto.com/product_list.asp?stext=&id=30

^ http://www.maisto.com/product_list.asp?stext=&id=5

^ HummerWorld

^ http://www.maisto.com/product_list_TK.asp?stext=&id=97

^ StreetTroopers

External links

Official website

Toy Cars Collector Malaysia

This toys-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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Bajan


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Barbadian Creole / Bajan /bajan patois

Spoken in:

Barbados

Total speakers:

Language family:

Creole languageEnglish CreoleAtlanticEasternSouthernpatois based

notice=nonoticeBarbadian Creole / Bajan /bajan patois

Language codes

ISO 639-1:

None

ISO 639-2:

ISO 639-3:

bjs

Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

Bajan (occasionally called Barbadian Creole or bajan patois) or Barbadian Dialect, is an English-based creole language spoken by persons on the West Indian island of Barbados. Bajan uses a mixture of West African idioms and expressions along with British English to produce a unique Barbadian/West Indian vocabulary and speech pattern. Bajan is easily distinguishable from the dialects of neighbouring Caribbean islands, as many of the other Caribbean islands are based on Irish- or Scottish-based English pronunciation such as Jamaican Patois.

Bajan uses a mixture of British English and West African syntax, with much of the pronunciation of words sharing similarities with the lilt of the West Country dialects of England. Due to emigration to North and South Carolina, Bajan has also influenced and given-way to the Gullah language spoken in the United States. Regionally Bajan has ties to Belizean and Guyanese Creoles. Bajan was first created when West African slaves were brought to the island and forced to speak English, with an existing West African understanding of language semantics. Bajan later became a means of communicating without always being understood by the slave masters. Unlike other Caribbean creoles, Bajan is rhotic. Bajan has a strong tendency to realize word-final /t/ as a glottal stop [?]. Thus the Bajan pronunciation of start, [st????], contrasts sharply with the pronunciation of other Caribbean speakers, [sta?t] or [st??t] or [sta??t].

The structure of Bajan is such that it can be spoken very quickly. In Bajan an entire sentence can be said in a shortened statement compared to standard English. Sounds in standard English which slow down an individual in Bajan are usually rounded to allow it to be said quickly. Such as "tek" for take, "brek" for break, "choppa" for chopper, or "buss" for burst. Additionally just by slowing down the dialect can allow someone to hear the parts of speech more clearly.[citation needed]

The word Bajan is merely a Bajan pronunciation of the word Barbadian ("Bar-bayyd-ian"); however, through the process of palatalization characterizing the older accents which once prevailed in Barbados, the word sounded more like Barbajan ("Bar-bayy-junn") (much like "Injun" for "Indian" and "Cajun" for Acadian), and eventually it was just shortened to Bajan. For a short time before and after independence from Britain, Bajan was a somewhat negative term used to mean an uneducated Barbadian, but the term is no longer seen as such.

Today, Bajan is a more popular regional term for nationals of Barbados, in addition to the official name, which is Barbadian. In general, the people of Barbados speak standard British English on TV and radio, in courthouses, in government, and in day to day business, while the more relaxed dialect of Bajan is reserved for less formal situations, in music, or in social commentary. Standard English is the native tongue of all Barbadians, and is usually used when talking formally or to tourists. Barbadians may opt to speak Bajan amongst themselves or when in a very relaxed setting. Bajan is a spoken dialect, without much of a standardised written form and it varies throughout the island. When written, spelling will vary widely from person to person. Bajan words and sentences presented below are largely spelt as they are pronounced.

Contents

1 Pronunciation

2 Proverbs

3 African words in Bajan

4 Body expression

5 References

6 Further reading

7 See also

8 External links

8.1 Learn Bajan

8.2 Audio


//


Pronunciation

Like most West Indian dialects and creoles,patois, the th sound tends not to exist in Bajan and is replaced by d so that the = de; that = dat or dah; them = dem. Where th falls at the end of a word it is pronounced as an f as in teef or the cardinal directions of norf for north and souf for south. The word for you (plural) is wunna. Compare to Jamaican patois unnu / unna or Bahamian yinna).Bajans tend to drop conjugated forms of the verb to be from sentences so that I am hungry becomes I hungry.

Questions are usually pronounced as a statement with a raised intonation; usually on the last word; to indicate that it is a question e.g. "Did you (plural) win the cricket match?" becomes Wunna win de cricket? or "Is that yours?" becomes dah is yours?

Habitual actions are usually indicated by the word does so that the following statement in standard British English "I go to church on Sundays" becomes I does guh...(and so on)
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Godiva Chocolatier


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A Hong Kong branch

Godiva Chocolatier is a manufacturer of premium chocolates and related products owned by Turkish company Y?ld?z Holding S.A.

Godiva owns and operates more than 450 retail boutiques and shops in the United States, Europe, and Asia and is available via over 10,000 specialty retailers.

It also has a direct-sales business through its website or via a toll-free number.

Besides chocolates, Godiva also sells truffles, coffee, cocoa, biscuits, dipped fruits and sweets, "Chocolixir" beverages, wedding and party favors and other items arranged in gift baskets. Godiva's signature package is the Gold Ballotin (French for "small, elegant box of chocolates"). Godiva also produces seasonal and limited edition chocolates with special packaging for all major holidays. Godiva also has license agreements for the production of ice cream, cheesecake, coffee pods and liqueur that comes in several chocolate-related flavors.

History

Godiva was founded in 1926 in Brussels, Belgium, by Joseph Draps. The chocolatier opened his first boutique in the Grand Place in Brussels, Belgium. Under its present name, a name chosen in honor of the legend of Lady Godiva.

The first Godiva shop outside Belgium was opened in Paris in 1958.; in 1966, the company's products reached the United States, where it was sold at luxury department stores.. In 1978, the first Godiva boutique in North America was opened on New York's Fifth Avenue.

By 2007 Godiva had annual sales of approximately $500 million.

In August 2007, Campbell Soup Company announced it was "exploring strategic alternatives, including possible divestiture, for its Godiva Chocolatier business"; the company said the "premium chocolate business does not fit with Campbell's strategic focus on simple meals". On December 20, 2007, Campbell announced that it entered into an agreement to sell Godiva to Istanbul, Turkey, based Y?ld?z Holding A.S. which also owns ker.

The acquisition was completed on March 18, 2008 for $850 million.

References

^ a b History of Godiva from the company's "Careers" website

^ a b The History of Godiva Chocolatier, from the company's website

^ a b Godiva Chocolatier, Inc. from a profile in International Directory of Company Histories via findarticle.com

^ a b Campbell To Explore Strategic Alternatives For Godiva Business, a Campbell's press release via shareholder.com

^ Campbell Completes Sale of Godiva Chocolatier to Yildiz Holding A.?. for $850 Million

External links

Godiva's official website

Godiva Liqueur website

Ulker's official website

Categories: Campbell's brands | Chocolatiers | Belgian brands | Companies established in 1926(and so on)
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Lisa's First Word


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The Simpsons episode

"Lisa's First Word"

Toddler Bart and Baby Lisa.

Episodeno.

69

Prod.code

9F08

Orig.airdate

December 3, 1992

Showrunner(s)

Al Jean & Mike Reiss

Writtenby

Jeff Martin

Directedby

Mark Kirkland

Chalkboard

"Teacher is not a leper"

Couch gag

The family forms a chorus line, which turns into a large production number.

Gueststar(s)

Elizabeth Taylor as Maggie

DVDcommentary

Matt GroeningAl JeanJeff MartinMark Kirkland

Season 4

September 24, 1992 May 13, 1993

"Kamp Krusty"

"A Streetcar Named Marge"

"Homer the Heretic"

"Lisa the Beauty Queen"

"Treehouse of Horror III"

"Itchy & Scratchy: The Movie"

"Marge Gets a Job"

"New Kid on the Block"

"Mr. Plow"

"Lisa's First Word"

"Homer's Triple Bypass"

"Marge vs. the Monorail"

"Selma's Choice"

"Brother from the Same Planet"

"I Love Lisa"

"Duffless"

"Last Exit to Springfield"

"So It's Come to This: A Simpsons Clip Show"

"The Front"

"Whacking Day"

"Marge in Chains"

"Krusty Gets Kancelled"

List of all The Simpsons episodes

Seasons

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

"Lisa's First Word" is the tenth episode of The Simpsons' fourth season. It was first broadcast on Fox in the United States on December 3, 1992. In the episode, as the Simpson family gathers around Maggie and tries to encourage her to say her first word, Marge reminisces and tells the story of Lisa's first word. Elizabeth Taylor makes a guest appearance as the voice of Maggie's first word.

The episode was directed by Mark Kirkland and written by Jeff Martin. After its initial airing on Fox, the episode was later released as part of a 1999 video collection: The Simpsons: Greatest Hits, and released again on the 2003 DVD edition of the same collection. The episode features cultural references to two chains of fast food restaurants, Wendy's and McDonald's, as well as a reference to the 1981 arcade video game Ms. Pac-Man. "Lisa's First Word" received positive reception from television critics, and acquired a Nielsen rating of 16.6.

Contents

1 Plot

2 Production

3 Cultural references

4 Reception

4.1 "Can't sleep, clown will eat me"

5 References

6 External links


//


Plot

When Homer, Marge, Bart and Lisa try unsuccessfully to get Maggie to speak, Marge decides to tell story of Lisa's first word. In March 1983, Homer, Marge, and a young Bart are living in the Lower East side of Springfield. One day, Marge announces to Homer and Bart that she is pregnant with another baby. When asked what he thinks, Bart imagines a new brother whom he can use as a scapegoat for his own misbehavior. Marge suggests to Homer that with their family expanding, they need a bigger house. Homer and Marge try to look for houses, and find a perfect house on Evergreen Terrace and buy it with a $15,000 down payment from the sale of Grampa Simpson's house.

In 1984, Bart is one year old, and the Simpsons move into their new Evergreen Terrace home, with the Flanders family as neighbors. Bart turns two years old, and for the first time, he watches Krusty the Clown, as well as The Itchy & Scratchy Show. Krusty begins a promotion for the 1984 Summer Olympic Games with his Krusty Burger chain, the promotion is a scratch-and-win game in which people scratch off the name of the event from the game card and if the U.S. wins a gold medal in that chosen event, that person would win a free Krusty Burger. However, the game cards are rigged so they only contain events in which "communists always win". But when the Soviet Union-led boycott occurs, Krusty loses millions of dollars and Homer receives a steady supply of Krusty Burgers.

Bart is now asked to give up his crib so it can become the new baby's. Bart refuses, so Homer builds Bart a new bed shaped like a maniacal clown, which terrifies Bart into a state of insomnia. Marge thinks that the baby is about to be born, and she and Homer go to the hospital, leaving Bart with the Flanders family. Bart returns home and is scared until Homer asks him to see Lisa, to whom Bart takes an immediate dislike. Everyone except Bart, agrees that she is a beautiful baby. Later, Bart does bad things to Lisa such as cutting all her hair with household scissors, sticking stamps on her and putting her in a mailbox, and putting her through the Flanders' doggy door and is punished each time by being put in the corner. He blames Lisa for his problems and packs his toys into a hobo's bindle, about to run away for good until Lisa says her first word, "Bart." Bart discovers that Lisa can talk and loves her, and appears to accept her as his little sister. Homer, however, is secretly...(and so on)
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Nikon Coolpix series


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The Nikon Coolpix series is the point and shoot, non-SLR series of digital cameras produced by Nikon.

This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy certain standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it.

Contents

1 Current models

1.1 Performance Series

1.2 Style Series

1.3 Life Series

2 Discontinued models

2.1 S-series: Style

2.2 L-series: Life

2.3 P-series: Performance

2.4 Coolpix 1xx

2.5 Coolpix 3xx

2.6 Coolpix 6xx

2.7 Coolpix 7xx

2.8 Coolpix 8xx

2.9 Coolpix 9xx

2.10 Coolpix 2xxx

2.11 Coolpix 3xxx

2.12 Coolpix 4xxx

2.13 Coolpix 5xxx

2.14 Coolpix 7xxx

2.15 Coolpix 8xxx

3 RAW image format

4 References

5 Further reading

6 External links


//


Current models

Performance Series



P5100

Coolpix P50 - 8.1 Megapixels, 3.6x Optical Zoom.

Coolpix P60 - 8.1 Megapixels, 2.5 inch LCD Screen, 5x Optical Zoom, 4x Digital Zoom, D-Lighting, Face-priority AF, Nikon In-Camera Red-Eye Fix, Optical Vibration Reduction, Rotary wheel navigation.

Coolpix P80 - 10.0 Megapixels, 18x Optical Zoom.

Coolpix P90 - 12.1 Megapixels, 24x Optical Zoom and 3.0 inch tilting LCD screen.

Coolpix P5000 - 10.0 Megapixels, 3.5x Optical Zoom.

Coolpix P5100 - 12.1 Megapixels, 2.5 inch LCD Screen, 3.5x Optical Zoom, 4x Digital Zoom, D-Lighting, Distortion Control, Face-priority AF, Nikon In-Camera Red-Eye Fix, Optical Vibration Reduction, Rotary wheel navigation.

Coolpix P6000 - 13.6 Megapixels, 2.5 inch LCD Screen, 4x Optical zoom, 4x Digital Zoom, D-Lighting, Distortion Control, Face-priority AF, Nikon In-Camera Red-Eye Fix, Optical Vibration Reduction, GPS.

Style Series

Coolpix S51 - 8.1 Megapixel, 7.62 cm (3-inch) LCD screen, 3x optical zoom, 4x digital zoom.

Coolpix S51c - S51, with WiFi

Coolpix S52 - 9.0 Megapixels, 3-inch LCD screen, 3x optical zoom, 4x digital zoom, pictmotion.

Coolpix S52c - S52, with WiFi

Coolpix S60 - 10.0 Megapixels, 3.5-inch LCD touch screen, 5x optical zoom, 4x digital zoom, Wi-fi, pictmotion.

Coolpix S200 - 7.1 Megapixels, 2.5 inch LCD Screen, 3x Optical Zoom.

Coolpix S210 - 8 Megapixels, 2.5 inch LCD scree, 3x Optical Zoom, 4x Digital Zoom, Face-priority AF, D-Lighting, Nikon In-Camera Red-Eye Fix, Optical Vibration Reduction.

Coolpix S220 - 10.0 Megapixels, 3x Optical Zoom.

Coolpix S230 - 10.0 Megapixels, 3x Optical Zoom.

Coolpix S500 - 7.1 Megapixels, 2.5-inch (6.35 cm) LCD Screen, 3x Optical Zoom, 4x Digital Zoom, D-Lighting, Face-priority AF, Nikon In-Camera Red-Eye Fix, Optical Vibration Reduction.

coolpix S510 - 8.1 Megapixels, 2.5 inch LCD Screen, 3x Optical Zoom, 4x Digital Zoom, D-Lighting, Distortion Control, Face-priority AF, Nikon In-Camera Red-Eye Fix, Optical Vibration Reduction, Rotary wheel navigation.

Coolpix S520 - 8.0 Megapixels, 2.5 inch LCD Screen, 3x Optical Zoom.

Coolpix S550 - 10.0 Megapixels, 2.5 inch LCD Screen, 5x Optical Zoom, 4x Digital Zoom, D-Lighting, Distortion Control, Face-priority AF, Nikon In-Camera Red-Eye Fix, Electronic Vibration Reduction, Smile Mode, Blink warning, Rotary wheel navigation.

Coolpix S560 - 10.0 Megapixels, 5x Optical Zoom, 4x Digital Zoom, 2.7 inch LCD Screen.

Coolpix S600 - 10.0 Megapixels, 2.7 inch (6.86 cm) LCD Screen, 4x Optical Zoom, 4x Digital Zoom, D-Lighting, Distortion Control, Face-Priority AF, Nikon In-Camera Red-Eye Fix, Optical Vibration Reduction, Active Child Mode, Pastel Mode, Rotary wheel navigation.

Coolpix S610 - 10.0 Megapixels, 4x Optical Zoom, 4x Digital Zoom, 3 inch LCD Screen.

Coolpix S610c - 10.0 Megapixels, 4x Optical Zoom, 4x Digital Zoom, 3 inch LCD Screen, Wi-Fi.

Coolpix S620 - 12.2 Megapixels, 4x Optical Zoom.

Coolpix S630 - 12.0 Megapixels, 7x Optical Zoom.

Coolpix S700 - 12.1 Megapixels, 2.7 inch (6.86 cm) LCD Screen, 3x Optical Zoom, 4x Digital Zoom, D-Lighting, Distortion Control, Face-priority AF, Nikon In-Camera Red-Eye Fix, Optical Vibration Reduction, Rotary wheel navigation.

Coolpix S710 - 14.5 Megapixels, 3 inch (6.86 cm) LCD Screen, 3.6x Optical Zoom, 4x Digital Zoom, D-Lighting, Distortion Control, Face-priority AF, Nikon In-Camera Red-Eye Fix, Optical Vibration Reduction, P, S, A, M exposure modes, Rotary wheel navigation.

Life Series

Coolpix L11 - 6.0 Megapixels, 2.9x Optical Zoom, 2.4 inch LCD Screen.

Coolpix L12 - 7.1 Megapixels, 3x Optical Zoom, 2.5 inch LCD Screen.

Coolpix L14 - 7.1 Megapixels, 3x Optical Zoom, 2.4 inch LCD Screen.

Coolpix L15 - 8.0 Megapixels, 3x Optical Zoom, 2.8 inch LCD Screen.

Coolpix L16 - 7.1 Megapixels, 3x Optical Zoom, 2.8 inch LCD Screen.

Coolpix L18 - 8.0 Megapixels, 3x Optical Zoom, 3 inch LCD...(and so on)
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French press


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Features: 1) Automatically light when low light or vibration is picked up by sensors 2) Battery back up 3) Silver and black colored bodies available 4) Single or 7-color changing LED lights available 5) Self-sticks on top of a car 6) RemovableInner packing: Color boxes Qty/box: 1pcOuter packing: Master carton Qty/carton: 60pcs Carton dimensions: 56.8 x 35.6 x 31.8cm G.W.: 7kgmor




A French press.



French press with coffee.

A French press, also known as a press pot, coffee press, coffee plunger or cafetie, is a simple filterless coffee brewing device, probably invented in France in the 1850s, but first patented by Attilio Calimani in 1931.

Contents

1 Nomenclature

2 Design

3 Preparation

4 Variations

5 References

6 External links


//


Nomenclature

The French press goes by various names around the world. In New Zealand, Australia and South Africa the whole apparatus is known as a coffee plunger and coffee brewed in it is known as plunger coffee. Its French name is cafetie piston. In French it is also known by its brand names, notably a Bodum or a melior, from an old brand of this type. In the UK, Holland, and Ireland the device is known as a cafetie, the French word for a coffee maker or pot. In Italy, however, caffettiera refers to a Coffee percolator.

Despite the name, the French press is not noticeably more popular in France than in other countries.[citation needed]

Design

A French press consists of a narrow cylindrical jug usually made of glass or clear plastic, equipped with a lid and a "plunger", made of metal or plastic, which fits tightly in the cylinder and which has a fine wire or nylon mesh acting as a filter. Coffee is brewed by placing the coffee and water together, leaving to brew for a few minutes, then depressing the plunger to trap the coffee grinds at the bottom of the jug.

The French press is a filterless brewing method; some compounds in unfiltered coffee are thought to lead to an increase in cholesterol.

Preparation

A French press requires coffee of a more coarse grind than that used for a drip brew coffee filter, such as produced by a burr mill grinder rather than the whirling blade variety, as a finer grind will seep through the press filter and into the coffee.

Because the coffee grounds remain in direct contact with the brewing water and the grinds are filtered from the water via a mesh instead of a paper filter, coffee brewed with the French press captures more of the coffee's flavour and essential oils, which would become trapped in a traditional drip brew machine's paper filters. French pressed coffee is usually stronger and thicker and has more sediment than drip-brewed coffee. Because the used grinds remain in the drink after brewing, French pressed coffee is served immediately so as to not become bitter from over-extraction. A typical 8-cup French press is considered expired after 20 minutes.[citation needed]

Variations

French presses are more portable and self contained than other coffee makers. Travel mug versions exist which are made of tough plastic instead of the more common glass, and have a sealed lid with a closable drinking hole. Some versions are marketed to hikers and backpackers not wishing to carry a heavy metal percolator or a filter using drip brew.

A French press can also be used in place of a tea infuser to brew loose tea.

References

^ McKinney, Merritt. "Does Coffee Raise Cholesterol?", MSNBC.com, Retrieved on 2008-12-18.

External links

Look up coffee pot, cafetie in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

History of the French press

Attilio Calimani's 1931 patent



v?d?eCoffee

Production by country

Angola Brazil Colombia Costa Rica Ecuador El Salvador Ethiopia Guatemala Haiti India Indonesia Jamaica Kenya Mexico Nicaragua The Philippines Uganda Vietnam

Coffee topics

History of coffee Economics of coffee Coffee and health Coffee and the environment

Species and varieties

List of varieties Coffea arabica: Kenya AA, Kona, Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffea canephora (Coffea robusta): Kopi Luwak Coffea liberica: Kape Barako

Major chemicals in coffee

Caffeine Cafestol Caffeic acid

Coffee processing

Coffee roasting Home roasting coffee Corretto Decaffeination

Coffee preparation

Coffee percolator Espresso (lungo, ristretto) Espresso machine Drip brew French press Turkish coffee Instant coffee Chemex Moka pot AeroPress Presso

Popular coffee beverages

Affogato Americano/Long black Caf au lait/Caf con leche Caff corretto/Liqueur coffee Cafe mocha C ph s?a ? Cappuccino Coffee milk Cortado Espresso Flat white Frappuccino Greek frapp coffee Iced coffee Indian filter coffee Irish coffee Latte Macchiato (espresso, latte) Red eye

Coffee substitutes

Dandelion coffee Caro Barley tea Postum Roasted grain beverage Barleycup

Coffee and lifestyle

Coffee culture Coffee ceremony Coffeehouse List of coffeehouse chains Coffee Palace Barista Caff Caf Kopi tiam Viennese caf Caff sospeso Coffee cupping Coffee run Coffee break/Fika

Categories: Coffee preparation

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Tuesday, May 12, 2009

Commonwealth Avenue, Boston

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Commonwealth Avenue (colloquially referred to as Comm Ave by locals) is a major street in the cities of Boston and Newton, Massachusetts. It begins at the western edge of the Public Garden, and continues west through the neighborhoods of the Back Bay, Kenmore Square, Allston, Brighton and Chestnut Hill. It continues as part of Route 30 through Newton until it crosses the Charles River at the border of the town of Weston.

The Commonwealth Avenue Mall looking west towards the Alexander Hamilton statue

The Boston Women's Memorial featuring Abigail Adams, Lucy Stone, and Phillis Wheatley
Contents
1 Description
2 History
3 Statuary
4 In popular culture
5 External links
6 References
6.1 Notes
//
Description
Designed in a manner similar to Georges-Euge Haussmann's Paris boulevards, Commonwealth Avenue is a parkway divided at center by a wide grassy mall. This greenway, called Commonwealth Avenue Mall, is punctuated with statuary and memorials, and forms the narrowest "link" in the Emerald Necklace. It connects the Public Garden to the Fens.
Where Commonwealth Avenue reaches Kenmore Square, the MBTA Green Line "B" Branch rises above ground and dominates the center of the roadway through the campus of Boston University and the neighborhoods of Allston and Brighton to the city of Newton near Boston College. The section in Newton is made up of two roadways separated by a grassy median lined with trees. The south side of the roadway contains the main, two-lane east-west roadway, with a one-way, westbound "carriage road" providing local access on the north side of the median.
History
The Commonwealth Avenue Mall was designed by Arthur Delevan Gilman. Frederick Law Olmsted designed the Newton portion of Commonwealth Ave and included the parkway as part of the Emerald Necklace park system. The first statue on the Commonwealth Avenue Mall was erected in 1865 at Arlington Street.
The Newton end of the roadway was constructed in 1895 with a line of the Middlesex and Boston Street Railway in the median. Train service was cut back to its present terminus at the Boston border in 1930 and buses last ran on Commonwealth Avenue in 1976. An amusement park and ballroom known as Norumbega Park was built at the end of the line on the Charles River in 1897 to increase streetcar patronage.
Statuary

Statue of Samuel Eliot Morison on the mall.
Starting at the Public Garden and going westward, the following statues can be seen on the mall:
Alexander Hamilton, co-author of the Federalist Papers, sculpted by William Rimmer. The first statue placed on the mall. 1865.
John Glover, Revolutionary War soldier, sculpted by Martin Milmore. 1875.
Patrick Andrew Collins, former mayor of Boston, sculpted by Henry Hudson Kitson and Theo Alice Ruggles Kitson. Moved in 1966 from its original siting at Charlesgate due to construction of the Bowker Overpass.
The Vendome Memorial, which honors nine firefighters killed in the 1972 Hotel Vendome fire, scuplted by Theodore Clausen with landscape architect Peter White. 1997.
William Lloyd Garrison, abolitionist and journalist, sculpted by Owen Levi Warner.
Samuel Eliot Morison, naval historian and writer, sculpted by Penelope Jencks. 1982.
The Boston Women's Memorial, with statues of Abigail Adams, Lucy Stone, and Phillis Wheatley, sculpted by Meredith Bergmann. 2003.
Domingo Sarmiento, former president of Argentina, sculpted by Yvette Compagnion. 1973. A gift of the Argentine government in 1913, the statue arrived in Boston sixty years later.
Leif Ericson, first European discoverer of Newfoundland, sculpted by Anne Whitney. 1887. Commissioned by Eben Norton Horsford, the inventor of baking powder, this statue was originally sited at the Massachusetts Avenue end of this block, but was moved to Charlesgate in 1917.
In popular culture
Black Francis wrote the Pixies song "Tame" about female students he saw on Commonwealth Avenue.
External links
Boston University's Commonwealth Avenue Improvement Project
Commonwealth Avenue Case Study
Commonwealth Avenue in 1903 Showing 217 Commonwealth Avenue (Algonquin Club of Boston) and surroundings.
References
Comm. Ave Mall Statues: What's In A Name?
Commonwealth Avenue Mall Committee, Commonwealth Avenue Mall: A Walking Tour, pamphlet.
Sisario, Ben. Doolittle. Continuum, 2006.
Notes
^ Neighborhood Association of the Back Bay - Commonwealth Mall
^ NABB - Comm Ave. Mall Statues: What's In A Name?
^ Auburndale Community Association page on Norumbega Park
^ Sisario, pp. 81-82.

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Hyundai Super Truck

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Hyundai Super Truck
Manufacturer
Hyundai Motor Company
Production
Worldwide
Predecessor
Hyundai 8 to 25-ton truck
Successor
Hyundai New Power Truck
Class
Rear wheel drive vehicles
Body style(s)
Truck
Platform
Bering HDMX
Transmission(s)
Hyundai (manual), ZF/Allison (automatic)
Related
Bering HDMX
Designer
Hyundai Motor Company Design Center, Bering Truck
The Hyundai Super truck (hangul:?? ????) is a line of heavy-duty commercial vehicle manufactured by Hyundai Motor Company from 1999 or 2001. The range was primarily available in cargo and dump truck. Its model truck name is 'Hyundai', but In USA and Canada market the brand name is 'Bering'.
Most heavy-duty truck models are distinguishable by a front 'Hyundai Truck' badge, but the common Hyundai and badge is usually used on the rear.
In North America, Japan, Asia-Pacific, Mid-East, Africa, South America, its principal competitors are Bering HDMX, Daewoo Novus, Daewoo Chasedae Truck, Samsung Big Thumb.
Models
Hyundai Super Truck is a name used by Hyundai Motor Company in commercial vehicle of trucks for more related models. a cargo truck & dump truck, Designed by Hyundai Motor Company and Bering Truck. Manufacture period: 1997-2004. Rebadged by Bering HDMX.
8 ton Cargo
8.5 ton Cargo
9.5 ton cargo
11 ton Cargo
11.5 ton Cargo
12 ton Cargo
13 ton Cargo
14 ton Cargo
15 ton Cargo
16 ton cargo
17 ton Cargo
18 ton Cargo
19 ton Cargo
19.5 ton Cargo
22 ton cargo
22.5 ton Cargo
23 ton Cargo
23.5 ton Cargo
25 ton Cargo
8 ton Dump
11 ton Dump
15 ton Dump
23 ton Dump
24 ton Dump
6x2 Mixer
8x4 Mixer
6x2 Tractor
6x4 Tractor
See also
Hyundai Motor Company
Bering Truck
Hyundai Super Truck Medium
Hyundai New Power Truck
Hyundai Mega Truck

v?d?eHyundai Motor Company
Atoz/Atos ? Visto/Atos Prime/Santro ? Pony ? Excel/Presto ? Accent/Pony/Excel/Verna ? Click/Getz/TB ? Elantra ? Avante/Elantra ? Scoupe ? Cortina ? Stellar ? Sonata ? Marcia ? Tiburon/Coupe ? Tuscani/Tiburon/Coupe ? Grandeur ? XG/Grandeur ? Grandeur/Azera ? Genesis ? Ford 20M ? Dynasty ? Equus/Centennial ? Lavita/Matrix ? Tucson/JM ? Santa Fe ? Terracan ? Galloper ? Santamo ? Trajet ? Starex/H-1/Satellite ? Grace/H100/Satellite ? Porter/H100 ? Libero/H-1 ? HD 1000 ? Entourage ? Veracruz
Ford and Mercedes-Benz Based
D Series ? DK Series ? R Series ? O303 Benz Bus ? HD 160 ? HD 170
Mitsubishi Fuso Based(Mitsubishi Fuso presents)
Mighty ? Chorus ? 4.5 to 5-ton truck ? 8 to 25-ton truck ? Aero City ? Aero ? RB Series ? FB Series ? DQ-7 ? Bison
Hyundai Based (Mitsubishi Fuso& Bering Truck presents)
Mighty ? Mighty II ? e-Mighty ? Chorus ? County (e-County) ? 4.5 to 5 ton truck ? Super Truck Medium ? Mega Truck ? Aero Town (e-Aero Town) ? 8 to 25-ton truck ? Super Truck ? New Power Truck ? Aero City ? Global 900 ? Aero ? Universe ? Trago
Homepage ? Revenue: ?$000 billion USD (FY2004) ? Employees: 000 person ? Stock Mode: (kse 005380, lse HYUD)
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